Dual Track Aiport Plng Process-Final Alternative Environmental Doc Jan 1994�
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Prepared for:
1�l�etropolitan Airports Commission
Prepared by:
HOWARD NEEDLES TAMMEN 8 BEROENOOFF
ARCHITECTS ENOINEERS PLANNERS
and associated firms
Acknowledgements:
;� Cover includes Landsat-5 images of the Stuc�y Area in the visible and infrared bands.
: � Prepared by Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Forest Resources, College
� of Natura! Resources, University of Mirrnesota in cooperation with the Metropolitan
, Council of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. Landsat imagery reproduced by
� I permission of Earth Observation Satellrte Company, Lanham, Maryland, U.S.A.
�
Final AED - New Airport Site Selection
Table of Contents
Paae
EXECUTIVESUMMARY ................................................... i
I. PURPOSEAND NEEDFOR ACTION ................................... I-1
A. Format of the Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B. Background ............................................... 1
C. Purpose and Need for Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II. ALTERNATIVES ................................................. II-1
A. Alternatives Under Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B. Alternatives Eliminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
C. Preferred Alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
I11. AFFECTEDENVIRONMENT ........................................
A. Geographic Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. LandUse .................................................
B.1 Site2 .............................................
B.2 Site3 ..............................................
8.3. Site6 ..............................................
B.4 Principal Public and Private Utilities and Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. Population, Industrial, and Commercial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.1 Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.2 Industrial and Commercial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.2.1 Emplovment Centers within Search Area Candidate Sites and
Vicinitv.......................................
C.2.2 Reaional Emplovment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1 Natural Environment Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.1 Soils and Surficial (Glaciall Geoloctv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.2 Bedrock Geoloav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.3 Sinkholes .......................... .. .. ..... ...
D.1.4 Other Special Geoloqic Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.5 Wetlands ......................................
D.1.6 Floodplains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.7 Wild and Scenic Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.8 Biotic Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.2 Designated Natural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.2.1 Parks and Preservation Corridors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E. Cultural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.1 Archaeological Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.2 Architectural and Historic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F. Noise ...................................................
F.1 Description of Aircraft Noise Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.2 Description of Noise Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.3 Noise-Sensitive Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.4 Existing Ambient Noise Levels at Selected Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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III-1
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6
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15
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34
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G. Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iil-41
H. Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
H.1 Surface Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
H.2 Hydrology . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
H.3 Groundwater ......................................... 46
H.3.1 Groundwater Susceptibilitv . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . • • • . . . . • • • . 46
H.3.2 Water Supplv Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
H.3.3 Groundwater Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
H.3.4 Presence and Transmissivitv of Near Surface Apuifers ....... 51
H.3.5 Watershed Manaaement Plannina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
H.4 Wastewaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
I. Solid Waste/Contaminated Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.1 Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.2 Potential Soil Contamination and Remediation Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
J. Farmland ................................................. 56
J.1 Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Center ..... 61
J.2 Farmland Crop Equivalency Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
K. Surface Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
IV. ENVIRONMENTALCONSEQUENCES .................................
A. Noise ...................................................
A.1 Methodology and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.2 Site 2 Noise Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.3 Site 3 Noise Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.4 Site 6 Noise Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.5 Noise Mitigation Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.6 Summary ...........................................
B. Compatible Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1 Site2 ..............................................
B.2 Site3 ...................�...........................
B.3 Site6 ...............................................
C. Sociallmpacts ................ ...........................
C.1 Displacement Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.1.1 Social Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.1.2 Business Displaoement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.2 Impacts to Sensitive Populations . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.3 Relocation Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.3.1 Residential Relocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.3.2 Business Relocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4 Ground Access Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4.1 Methodoloqv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4.2 Impacts Common to All Candidate Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4.3 Site 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4.4 Site 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4.5 Site 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4.6 Mitiaation Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Socioeconomic Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1 Amount and Spatial Distribution ot Induced Development . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.1 Revised Population and Household Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.1.2 Revised Emplovment Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.2 Tax Capacity Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV-1
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Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
E.1 State Implementation Plan (SIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.2 Carbon Monoxide Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.2.1 Obiective of the Analvsis and Methodolociv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.3 Carbon Monoxide Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E.3.1 Total Adiusted CO Backaround (2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WaterQuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.1 Water Resources Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.1.1 Vermillion River Flood Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.1.2 Stormwater Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.1.3 Stormwater Miticaation Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.1.4 Stormwater Impacts from Deicinq Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.1.5 Deicina Mitiqation Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.2 Wastewater ..........................................
F.2.1 Wastewater Analvsis: Sanitarv Sewaqe Quantities . . . . . . . . .
F.2.2 Wastewater Treatment Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.2.3 Airport WWTF Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.2.4 Metropolitan Disposal Svstem Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.2.5 Wastewater Impact Analvsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.3 Groundwater Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.3.1 Surface Water Runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.3.2 Water Use and Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.4 Compatibility with Watershed Management Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.4.1 Groundwater Recharqe Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.4.2 Groundwater Quantitv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.4.3 GroundwaterQualitv .............•..•..••.••••�•••
Section4(f) ...............................................
G.1 Public Parks, Recreation Lands, Trails, Wildlife and Waterfowl
Refuges.......................................
G.2 Historic, Architectural, Archaeological, and Cultural Resources Section
4(f) Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Historic, Architectural, Archaeological, and Cultural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . .
H.1 Archaeological Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H.2 Historic and Architectural Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H.3 Determination of Adverse Effect and Mitigation Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biotic Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 Bird-Aircraft Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Aircraft Arrivals in Relafiion to Potential Bird Concentration
Areas : ..................................
1.1.2 Aircraft Departures in Relation to Potential Bird Concentration
Areas: ..................................
1.1.3 Potential Mitiqation Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4 Site Impact Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Endangered and Threatened Species of Flora and Fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J.1 Threatened and Endangered Plant Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J.1.1 Site 2 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J.1.2 Site 3• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J.1.3 Site 6• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J.1.4 Mitiaation : .....................................
J.1.5 Site Impact Comparison : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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J.2 Threatened and Endangered Wild�ife Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-75
J.2.1 Site 2 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
J.2.2 Site 3• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
J.2.3 Site 6• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
J.2.4 Mitiaation : ..................................... 76
J.2.5 Site Impact Comparison : . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
J.3 Bald Eagles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
J.3.1 Site 2: Potential for Bald Eaqle Habitat Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
J.3.2 Site 3: Potential for Bald Eaqle Habitat Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
J.3.3 Site 6: Potential far Bald Eaale Habitat Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
J.3.4 Mitiaation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
J.3.5 Site Impact Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
K. Wetlands ................................... ............. 81
K.1 Wetland Impacts Associated with Site 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
K.2 Wetland Impacts Associated with Site 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
K.3 Wetland Impacts Associated with Site 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
K.4 Mitigation ... ...................................... 82
K.5 Site Impact Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
�. Floodplains ................................................ 82
M. Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
N. Wild and Scenic Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
O. Farmland ................................................. 83
0.1 Primary Farmland Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
0.1.1 Crop and Pasture Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
0.1.2 Livestock ....... ................... ............ 84
0.1.3 Isolated, Trianqulated, and/or Severed Farmlands . . . . . . . . . . . 86
0.1.4 Applicabilitv of the Farmland Policv Protection Act .......... 86
0.2 Secondary Farmland Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
P. Energy Supply and Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7
P.1 Stationary Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
P.2 Air and Surface Transportation Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Q. Light Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
R. Solid Waste Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
R.1 Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
S. Construction Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
T. Design, Art, and Architectural Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
T.1 General Visual Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
V. ADVERSE IMPACTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED, SHORT-TERM USES AND LONG-
TERM PRODUCTIVITY AND IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF
RESOURCES................................................... V-1
V.1 Adverse Impacts Which Cannot Be Avoided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
V.2 Short-term Uses and Long-Term Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
V.3 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources . . . . . . . . . . . 2
V1. LIST OFPREPARERS ............................................ VI-1
V11. LIST OF AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS AND PERSONS TO WHOM DRAFT AED WAS
SENT................................................. VII-1
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VI11. PUBLIC AND AGENCY INVOLVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-1
A. Public and Agency Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B. AED Public Hearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
IX. LIST OF REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX-1 through IX-3
X. LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X-1 through X-4
APPENDIX A-- LIST OF TECHNICAL REPORTS AND OTHER DATA ......... A-1 through A-29
APPENDIX B -- SITE SELECTION CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 through B-16
APPENDIX C -- AED COMMENTS AND RESPONSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 through C-37
List of Tables
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TABLE 1 - Planned �and Use - Site 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I11-2
TABLE 2 - Planned �and Use - Site 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
TABLE 3 - Planned Land Use - Site 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
TABLE 4- Population, Household and Employment Growth Without a New Airport ......... 10
TABLE 5 - Rare Biological Communities Within Candidate Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
TABLE 6 - Common Sounds on the DBA Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
TABLE 7 - Land Use Compatibility Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
TABLE 8 - County Well Index Data: Wells in Sites 2 & 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
TABLE 9 - County Well Index Data: Wells in Site 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
TABLE 10 - Volume of Groundwater by Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
TABLE 11 - Implementation Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
TABLE 12 - Implementation Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
TABLE 13 - Candidate Site Farmland Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
TABLE 14 - 2020 Projected Fleet Mix and Average Daily Arrivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-2
TAB�E 15 - 2020 Projected Fleet Mix and Average Daily Departures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
TABLE 16 - Year 2000 Population and Households Within DNL Noise Contours - Site 2...... 4
TABLE 17 - Year 2000 Population/Households Within DNL Noise Contours - Site 3......... 10
TABLE 18 - Year 2000 Population/Households within DN� Noise Contours - Site 6......... 13
TABLE 19 - Noise Impacts Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
TABLE 20 - Population/Households Displaced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
TABLE 21 - Businesses Displaced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
TABLE 22 - Sensitive Population/Land Use Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
TABLE 23 - Housing Relocation Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
TABLE 24 - Lanes Required by Candidate Site in 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
TABLE 25 - Increase in Intracounty Travel Time in Minutes Under Congested
Conditions in 2020 Due to Candidate Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
TABLE 26 - Major River Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
TABLE 27 - 2020 Population, Household and Employment With a New Airport ............ 37
TABLE 28 - 2020 Induced Growth Due to New Airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
TABLE 29 - Tax Capacity Impacts - Minor Civil Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
TABLE 30 - Tax Capacity Impacts - School Districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
TABLE 31 - Estimated Annual CO Emissions Within the Search Area in the Year 2020 ....... 42
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TABLE 32 - Projected 1-Hour CO Cancentrations at Selected Intersections in 2020 ....... IV-44
TABLE 33 - Adjusted 8-Hour Background CO Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
� TABLE 34 - Projected Maximum 8-Hour CO Concentrations (ppm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
TABLE 35 - Allowable Peak Runoff Rate and the Associated Storage Requirement
( for Vermillion Watershed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
� TABLE 36 - Peak Runoff Rate and Runoff Volume
for Airport Area within Each Watershed Management Sector (WMS) ... 50
' TAB�E 37 - Increase in Watershed Management Sector 100-Year Storm Event Peak
� Runoff Rates and Runoft Volumes Predicted by the P-8 Model without
Implementation of a Stormwater Management Facility on the Site ..... 51
:; TABLE 38 - Annual Avg Stormwater Concentrations Used in Calculating Annual Pollutant
iLoads .............................................. 53
' '� TABLE 39 - Increase in Annual Pollutant Loads for Airport - Site 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
TABLE 40 - Increase in Annual Pollutant Loads for Airport - Site 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
', j TABLE 41 - Increase in Annual Pollutant Loads for Airport - Site 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
� TABLE 42 - Avera e Annual Desi n Flows and Current 2020 Forecast Flows 60
9 9 .............
TABLE 43 - Site 2: Relationship of Aircraft Movements to Essential Bald Eagle Habitat ...... 78
',' � TABLE 44 - Site 3: Relationship of Aircraft Movements to Essential Bald Eagle Habitat ...... 79
' i TABLE 45 - Site 6: Relationship of Aircraft Movements to Essential Bald Eagle Habitat ...... 80
TABLE 46 - Floodplain Impacts (Acres) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
I TABLE 48 - MPCA-Licensed Feedlots . . . . . . . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 84
� TAB�E 47 - Cropland Impacts - Candidate Sites 85
TABI.E 49 - Isolated, Triangulated, and Severed Farmland Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
List of Figures
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Figure A - Environmental/Planning Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Figure B - Candidate Site 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Figure C - Candidate Site 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Figure D - Candidate Site 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Figure 1 - Search Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-4
Figure 2 - Conceptual �ayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Figure 3 - Alternatives Under Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-2
Figure 4 - Alternatives Eliminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Figure 5 - Selected Existing Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-5
Figure 6 - Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Figure7-Soils ........................................................ 13
Figure 8 - Depth to Bedrock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 9 - Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Figure 10 - Floodways and Floodways Fringe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 1 1 - Biotic Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 12 - Public Parks/Recreation Areas/Wildlife and Waterfowl Refuges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 13 - Archaeological Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 14 - Historical and Architectural Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Figure 15 - Effects of Noise: Typical Community Annoyance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Figure 16 - Ambient DNL Noise Levels Around Dakota Search Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Figure 17 - Carbon Monoxide Monitoring Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Figure 18 - Surface Water Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Figure 19 - Hydrologic Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Figure 20 - Vermillion River Sensitivity to Aquifer Poilution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 21 - Waste Disposal and Potentially Contaminated Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 22A - Prime Farmland, Sites 2 and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 22B - Prime Farmland, Site 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 23 - Agricultural Preserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 24 - 1990 Ground Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 25 - Site 2 - DNL Contours and Noise Sensitive Land Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 26 - Site 2 - L,o65 Noise Contours and Runway Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 27 - Site 2 - Flight Tracks, Airspace, Bald Eagles and Bird Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 28 - Site 3 - DN� Noise Contours and Noise Sensitive l.and Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 29 - Site 3 - L,o65 Noise Contours and Runway Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 30 - Site 3 - Flight Tracks, Airspace, Bald Eagles and Bird Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 31 - Site 6 - DNL Contours & Noise Sensitive Land Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 32 - Site 6 - L,o65 Noise Contours and Runway Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 33 - Site 6 - Flight Tracks, Airspace, Bald Eagles and Bird Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 34 - Site 2 - Ground Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 35 - Site 2 - 2020 Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 36 - Site 3 - Ground Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 37 - Site 3 - 2020 Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 38 - Site 6 - Ground Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 39 - Site 6 - 2020 Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 40 - 2020 Highway Improvements Due to Candidate Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 41 - Intersections on Regional Network with Potential Carbon Monoxide Violations in
Year2020...........................................
Figure 42 - Watershed Management Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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DUAL TRACK SITE SELECTION AED
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A Dual Track Airport Planing Process — designed to study the region's long-term aviation needs —
was established by the Minnesota Legislature's "1989 Metropolitan Airport Planning Act." One track
addresses ways to provide the needed capacity and facilities at Minneapolis-St. Paul International
Airport (MSP). The other track provides the needed capacity and facilities at a new, replacement airport
in the Dakota Search Area. A third, "no build" option will also be examined, along with any other
feasible alternative.
The consideration of environmental impacts is an integral part of the Dual Track Airport Planning
Process. An environmental review process for the development of a new airport and MSP has been
approved by the Minnesota Environmental Quality Board (see Figure A following page x). The process
is identical to the process for preparing an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) in terms of addressing
issues and potential environmental impacts, but is different in the treatment of alternatives.
An Alternative Environmental Document (AED) substitutes for an EIS in the site selection for a new
airport, the new airport comprehensive plan, and the MSP �ong-Term Comprehensive Plan. The AEDs
address alternatives to the decision at hand — only alternative sites for the site selection AED, for
exampte. The analysis in the AEDs focuses on differences among alternatives, not total airport impacts,
since the purpose of the AED is to help select among the alternatives.
The EIS will include the best MSP alternative and the best new airport plan. Other feasible alternatives,
including the no-build alternative, and their impacts are not addressed in the AEDs, but will be covered
in the EIS. In order to eliminate duplication with state and local procedures, the federal EIS will draw
extensively from the AEDs.
This Executive Summary provides a general overview of the environmental analysis included in the AED,
and of the results of the analysis for specific environmental impact categories.
Alternatives
Seven potential airport sites were considered in the ,Search ,Are.a clesignated by the Metropolitan
;` ( Council. Four of the sites were eliminated from further consideration (Sites 1, 4, 5 and 71 and three
;; ("Candidate Sites") were selected for further study (Sites 2, 3 and 6), as a result of the scoping process
outlined in "Scoping Decision Document, New Airport Site Selection Study:" The location of Sites 2,
,, 3 and 6 are shown in Figures B, C and D, respectively.
Selected Site
Site 3 is selected by the Metropolitan Airports Commission (MAC►, based on an extensive site selection
analysis using 65 evaluation criteria. Sites 2 and 3 have similar impacts since they are in the same
general location. However, Site 3 is preferred because it would have less impact on the City of
Hastings than Site 2. '.
Site 6 has the advantage of being closer to the Metropolitan Area than Sites 2 and 3, by an average
of 11 minutes in ground travel time. However, the proximity of Site 6 to the Koch Refinery would
result in adverse impacts to aircraft operations, due to emissions from the refinery stacks. Also, both
the refinery and the airport would be limited in their ability to expand, since the airport's runways would
limit stack heights at the refinery and the refinery would limit runway development to the north of the
airport site. In addition, Site 6 would have airspace conflicts which would c�ose South St. Paul
Municipal Airport and adversely affect aircraft operations at St. Paul Downtown and Airlake airports.
Site 6 would also displace the City of Coates and impact the most wetlands.
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Affected Environment
Search Area - The Search Area is located in Dakota County, in the southeastern quadrant of the Greater
Minneapolis-St..Paul Metropolitan Area, and measures 17 miles in the east-west direction by 8 miles
in the north-so�uth direction. Within the Search Area are the cities of Coates and Vermillion, the
townships of Empire and Vermillion, a part of the City of Rosemount, and portions of the townships
of Nininger and Marshan. The Search Area encompasses approximately 115 square miles.
I.and Use - The Candidate Sites, which are each approximately 10,000 acres in size, are in a largely
agricultural portion of the region, except in areas adjacent to urbanized land which includes Hastings
in Sites 2 and 3 and Rosemount in Site 6. Future land use is expected to be essentially unchanged in
the Search Area without a new major airport, except adjacent to urbanizing areas in Rosemount and
Hastings.
The other major use of land in and adjacent to Sites 2 and 3 is conservation, which is also forecast to
remain the same. The residences in the area are generally those associated with farms; however, there
are about 100 acres affected by aircraft noise from Site 2 and 300 acres from Site 3 that are used or
planned for residential development.
Although land in and adjacent to Site 6 is predominately agricultural, a substantial amount is designated
for public uses. In addition, nearly 750 acres adjacent to the site are used or designated for industry.
Most of the industrial land is in the Pine Bend area of Rosemount. A proposed update of Rosemount's
comprehensive plan also redesignates roughly an additional 500 acres from agricultural to industrial
uses.
I Principal Utilities and Facilities - Principal public and private utilities and facilities within and adjacent
� to the Candidate Sites include landfills, compost sites, pipelines, wastewater treatment plants, and
overhead powerlines. One noteworthy land use is the Koch Refinery located immediately north of the
Search Area in Rosemount. The refinery's production process frequently emits large steam plumes
�� which have been observed to reach heights of up to 2,500 to 3,000 feet above ground and to drift as
i much as 4,000 feet laterally from the refinery. These observations, which were made over a limited
time, do not include the full potential range of conditions that could occur.
Population, Industrial and Commercial Growth - The Search Area is located on the periphery of a rapidly
growing sector of the Twin Cities region. However, because of the predominance and preservation of
agticultural land uses within the Search Area communities, the population growth rates of these
communities have been relatively stable. By about 2015, however, it is expected that the supply of
developable land in the most rapidly growing cities will be largely exhausted, thereby exerting natural
development pressures to urbanize more of the westem and northern portions of the Search Area.
Industrial and commercial (non-farm related) growth in the Search Area has also been limited by the
preservation of ag�iculture and by the growth management policies of the Metropolitan Council, which
controls de facto the extension of utilities and related infrastructure needed by businesses. Most of
the industrial and commercial growth has been in the communities of Apple Valley, Eagan and Lakeville;
however, there are small pockets of industrial and commercial development within the corporate limits
of Coates and Vermillion, as well as in township areas.
Employment within the Search Area communities is derived from highway-oriented establishments,
automotive repair, light manufacturing and assembly plants, retail goods and services, gravel mines,
school and community services, and farm-releted businesses. In 1990, the largest employment
concentration was in Eagan (26,000), followed by Apple Valley, Hastings and Lakeville (6,000-7,000
each), with total employment of approximately 107,000 in Dakota County.
Soils and Geology - The surface landscape has been shaped by glacial forces of erosion/deposition and
by water erosion. Soils occurring under all three Candidate Sites are mostly well-to-excessively drained
silty and loamy sediments formed over outwash sands and gravels. All three sites are underlain by
dolomitic limestone, sandstone and shale bedrock at depths that range from less than 50 feet, to 400
feet under Site 6 and 500 feet beneath Sites 2 and 3. Sinkholes have been mapped within Sites 2 and
3, and north, east and southeast of these sites. No sinkholes have been mapped in Site 6, but the
bedrock at this site is similar to that found in Sites 2 and 3. The probability of sinkholes is rated as
"moderate to high" at Sites 2 and 3, and "low to moderate" at Site 6. Construction activities that entail
altering natural drainage patterns, dewatering or the construction of lakes, lagoons or holding ponds
increase the probability of new sinkhole formation.
''� Wetlands, Floodplains, and Wild and Scenic Rivers - Approximately 2,800 acres of wetland exist in the
Search Area. The vast majority of this acreage occurs in the southwest comer of the area, in the
Empire Wetland Complex. Much of the acreage has been partially or completely drained. Floodplains
' j in the Search Area are concentrated near the watercourses of the Vermillion River. There are no wild
,� and scenic rivers in the Search Area. However, the Lower St. Croix National Scenic Riverway and the
Cannon River are near the Search Area.
Biotic Communities - The agricultural lands, which comprise over 90 percent of the Search Area, are
inhabited by typical farmland wildlife species. The Vermillion River and its South Branch constitute the
primary riverine habitats wifihin the Search Area. Most of the westerly reaches of the river are relatively
unaltered and provide excellent habitat for ducks and wading birds. The river supports a variety of
warmwater fish species.
There are a number of habitat features in and around the Search Area which represent potential
attractions to birds that could ultimately conflict with future airport operations. These include Spring
Lake and Spring Lake Park, the Shiely gravel mine pits on Grey Cloud Island, Lake Rebecca and �ake
Re6ecca Park, Gores Pool Wildlife Management Area, the Vermillion River heronry, State Protected
Wetland 341 W, the northwest corner of Empire Township, the Pine Bend landfill, and possibly the
Empire Wetland Complex and �ake Byllesby in Cannon Falls. The primary potential migratory bird
flightpaths would link the Spring Lake-Grey Cloud Island-Rebecca Lake area to Gores Pool, the
northwest corner of Empire Township and Byllesby Lake.
Rare biological features in the Search Area include 9 natural communities, 11 plant species and 12
animal species.. None of the plants and animal species are on the federal list of rare, threatened or
endangered species, although some are candidates for federal listing. Over 20 percent of known
statewide locations of the loggerhead shrike, which is listed in Minnesota as a threatened specie and
is a candidate for federal listing, are in Dakota County with about one-third of those locations found
within the Search Area. Three significant natural areas are within the Search Area. The Hastings Sand
Coulee has a high diversity of plant and animal life, and harbors one of three known Minnesota
populations of James' polanisia, a state endangered plant. The Empire Wetland Complex supports two
state th�eatened species, Valerian and Blanding's Turtle (federal candidate). Chimney Rock supports
a population of state endangered kitten-tails (federal candidates?.
The Mississippi River in the Spring Lake-Hastings-Red Wing area has long been recognized as an
important migration corridor and winter feeding/night roosting area for bald eagles. Since the mid-
1980s, this area has afso become, recognized as an important eagle nesting area. There are a number
of essential habitat areas for bald eagles along the Mississippi River corridor adjacent to the Search
Area, but none exists within the Search Area.
Parks and Preservation Corridors - There are approximately 5,400 acres of park and recreation land in
the Search Area. The most dominant is the Bellwood State Game Refuge, located in the east central
section of the Search Area abutting its eastern border. Areas immediately adjacent to the Search Area
include Spring Lake Park, the Hastings Wildlife Management Area, and the Richard J. Dorer Memorial
Hardwood State Forest. Other parks in the Search Area include community parks in the cities of
Vermillion and Coates.
Archaeological Properties -Two main categories of archaeological properties have been identified within
the Search Area — Native American heritage sites and late 19th/early 20th century Euro-American
sites. In the immediate vicinity of the Candidate Sites are two rock formations — Lone Rock just west
of Site 6 and Chimney Rock just southeast of Sites 2 and 3— of known importance to past and
iii
present Native Americans as well as to early Euro-American settlers and visitors. Both are listed in the
Minnesota Inventory of Geographic Features of Historic and Cultural Significance.
Architectural and Historic Resources - Architectural and historic resources within the boundaries of the
Candidate Sites and areas that may experience significant levels of aircraft noise, principally include
sites associated with the Gopher Ordinance Works — representing the legacy of World War II — and
some farm properties that reflect the area's agrarian heritage. Some of these properties may be eligible
for listing in the National Register of Historic Places.
Noise - Ambient noise levels in the Search Area based on population densities are estimated to be in
- � the DNL 50-55 range. Measured levels range from a high of approximately DNL 62 in Inver Grove
'� Heights to a low of approximately DNL 52 in Rosemount, with these levels including noise from aircraft
operations at MSP and other nearby airports.
' � Air Quality - The Metropolitan Area is designated non-attainment in the State Implementation Plan (SIP)
'; for carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SOZ) and particulates of 10 microns or less (PM-10). The
state is seeking redesignation from non-attainment to attainment for SOZ and will revise the SIP to
--� include administrative orders for selective sources. Transportation control measures have been adopted
� to reduce CO emissions and concentrations. Background CO monitoring at two sites within the search
area indicated that existing CO levels are well below state and federal ambient air quality standards.
;- Water t2uality - The two main water bodies in the vicinity of the sites which could potentially be
�� ` impacted by runoff or wastewater discharges are the Mississippi River and the Vermillion River.
' Dissolved oxygen (D0) is a major indicator of water quality in surface waters. Dissolved oxygen
standards for surface waters require a minimum concentration of 5.0 mg/liter (mg/I) except that for the
�} Mississippi between the Metro wastewater plant and Lock and Dam No. 2 near Hastings the minimum
� � is 4.0 mg/I du�ing the winter. Modeling analyses of wasteJoad allocations indicate that dissolved
oxygen �fevels in both the Mississippi and Vermillion rivers approach the minimum DO standards at
times. This indicates that the rivers' ability to accommodate additional discharges is limited.
'' The Vermillion River watershed encompasses the area containing the potential airport sites. U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers ( USACOE) hydrologic studies have defined flows, floodways and floodway fringe
.-� areas for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) floodplain maps and flood insurance
� purposes. Other hydrologic studies done for the Vermillion River Watershed Management Commission
:� (VWMC) indicate that additional flood control storage may be needed to maintain the flows and flood
elevations identified in the earlier USACOE analyses. Therefore the VWMC requires that new
; � development must not only provide management and storage for increased runoff due to development
;; but also an appropriate portion of the additional storage required to maintain flood elevations and flows
� on which FEMA floodplain maps are based.
The majority of the area of each of the Candidate Sites has a high potential for transfer of contaminants
from the surface to the groundwater table. A large number of water supply wells, including many multi-
aquifer wells, are a potential source for groundwater contamination within the site areas. In addition
to permitted municipal supply wells that draw from several aquifers, groundwater in the area provides
water for sewage treatment facilities, livestock watering; golf courses, and major crop irrigation. The
Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer is the most important bedrock aquifer beneath all three sites, with the
upper (Prairie du Chien) portion being more susceptible to surface contamination than the deeper
(Jordan) portion of the aquifer.
Solid Waste - Solid waste collected in Dakota County may currently be transported to any of the
appropriate processing/disposal facilities in the Metropolitan Area or to landfills with appropriate
environmental protection outside the area. A designated portion of the waste must be recycled.
Burnsville and Pine Bend landfills are the only two solid waste landfills in Dakota County, and the only
two in the Metropolitan Area anticipated to remain open after 1995. There are also two specialty
landfills in Dakota County, one for demolition and construction wastes, in Inver Grove Heights, and one
for the treatment/disposal of non-hazardous industrial wastes. Other waste management facilities
include the county's recycling center.
' ) iv
Contaminated Sites - There are nine potentially contaminated areas within or near the Candidate Sites.
Little useful information on these areas is currently available. However, property transfer files list
registered underground storage tank installations and leaking underground storage tanks, as well as
information regarding spills of hazardous substances and/or petroleum products in Inver Grove Heights,
Rosemount and Coates. Most sites have been or are in the process of being cleaned up.
Farmland - Prime farmland contained within the Candidate Sites total about 6,000 acres in Site 2, 6,200
acres in Site 3, and 7,100 acres in Site 6. Agriculture preserves are approximately 3,400 acres in Site
2, 4,000 ecres in Site 3, and 2,900 acres in Site 6. These farmlands include family farms and
commercial crop farms and nurseries, as well as unique farmlands. The Rosemount Agricultural
Experiment Station and the Rosemount Research Center occupy approximately 8,000 acres and are
located within the affected environment of Site 6. Crop Equivalency Ratings (CERs), which provide a
rating of the economic return per acre of soil, range from 0 to 90 for the farmlands within the Candidate
Sites, on a scale of Minnesota CER values that range from 0 to 1�0.
Surface Traffic - Ground traffic data indicate that the Search Area communities have ties to the greater
portion of the region. Daily trips are made to virtually every part of the region from the Search Area.
Some of the strongest ties (outside of central Dakota County) are to the Shakopee—Prior
Lake—Burnsville area, the Bloomington—Richfield—Edina area, southwestern Washington County, and
to the Inver Grove Heights—South St. Paul—West St. Paul area.
Environmental Conseauences
Noise - One descriptor of aircraft noise is the Day-Night Sound Level (DNL), which provides an
indication of overall noise exposure resulting from an accumulation of individual noise events occurring
over an average 24-hour period. Although individual reactions to noise vary widely for a given level,
the aggregate response to speech interference and sleep disruption and the desire for a quiet
environment are predictable. These responses relate well to measures of cumulative noise exposure
such as DNL.
'� The FAA and other federal and state agencies have used DNL to evaluate community exposure to noise.
Noise exposure of DNL 65 or greater is characterized as significant, and moderate to slight between
- r DNL 60 to DNL 65. Year 2000 forecast population exposed to these levels of noise associated with
' � anticipated year 2020 aircraft operations have been estimated. Site 6 has the fewest residents (50)
within DNL 65 or greater, while Sites 2 and 3 have 320 and 220, respectively. Site 6 also has the
fewest residents (415) between DNL 60 and DNL 65, compared with 620 for Site 2 and 710 for Site
; I 3.
Land Use Compatibility - The compatibility of existing and currently proposed land use adjacent to the
Candidate Sites is evaluated based on continuation of agricultural use in current designated areas,
restriction of single-family housing and commercial/industrial uses to the Metropolitan Urban Service
Area and designated rural centers, restriction of housing in areas within the DNL 60 noise contours and
state safety zones, and land use consistent with local comprehensive plans. Most of the area adjacent
to the Candidate Sites meets the compatibility criteria. Planned residential land use adjacent to the sites
that fall within the DNL 60 noise contours or the state safety zones include about 95 acres for Site 2,
308 acres for Site 3, and 6 acres for Site 6. Impacts on existing housing could be mitigated with
acoustic treatment to limit indoor noise levels.
Social Impacts - Social impacts include displaced persons and jobs that would require relocation, as well
as impacts to places of worship, health care facilities, schools, cemeteries and other noise sensitive
uses. About 700-750 persons, 200-230 households and 11 businesses would be displaced by each
of the sites. The number of displaced employees would be about 60 for Site 2, 90 for Site 3, and 500
for Site 6.
Ground Access Impacts - Roadway traffic will increase significantly with a new airport in the area.
Improvements to the roadway system will be needed to accommodate the increased traffic volumes.
Regardless of the site selected, roadways that would need improvements include the section of TH 55
;�
I v
�, __J
that is common with TH 149 as well as the segments south of TH 149 to TH 56, and TH 149 south
of I-494, which would serve as the most direct link to the west between TH 55 and the interstate
system. The impacts on river crossings would be the same for each site.
The Site 2 access would use the CSAH 85 right-of-way to connect to TH 55. Up to eight lanes would
be needed. In addition, TH 55 between the airport access road and U.S. 52 would need additional
lanes and upgrade to freeway standards. Site 2 would also require elimination of CSAH 47 (Northfield
Boulevard) and relocation of U.S. 61 along with elimination /relocation of several minor county roads.
The impacts ot Site 3 on the roadway system are the same as Site 2.
The Site 6 access would use a new right-of-way alignment to reach U.S. 52. Up to eight lanes
designed to freeway standards would be needed. U.S. 52 from TH 55 to TH 56 would have less
demand with Site 6 than with Sites 2 and 3. Beyond that point the impacts are similar with all three
sites. CSAH 42 between U.S. 52 and CSAH 31, however, would need improvements with Site 6.
Socioeconomic Impacts - The construction of a new airport in the Search Area would generate
additional socioeconomic growth in the airport environs. For any of the three sites, an estimated
47,000 jobs and 1,400 households would be induced by the new airport into Dakota County by the
year 2020. The induced population growth is estimated at about 4,600 for Sites 2 and 3, and 3,600
for Site 6.
r I Air Quality - A comparison of CO emissions from access traffic indicated that traffic associated with
,' � Sites 2 and 3 would generate 9,600 tons per year more emissions than for Site 6. Emissions from
aircraft operations will be essentially the same for the three new airport sites and for MSP. A
preliminary evaluation of CO concentrations at critical at-grade intersections in the study area identified
, � three intersections as having patentially high CO concentrations, assuming construction of a new
'� � airport in Dakota County.
Water auality - Stormwater runoff was modeled to estimate very conservative flows and contaminant
�� � loadings by assuming the entire site would be impervious, since the area within any given subwatershed
,i ' within the sites could be completely impervious. Site design has not progressed to a point to permit
a more refined analysis. The runoff varies somewhat between sites (on the arder of 10 percent);
__ however, this does not constitute a substantial distinction between sites. Total potential runoff
I quantities are estimated at about 5,000 acre-feet, with the increase in runoff being about 1,500 acre-
1 feet over present conditions, based on a 100-year storm event.
Contaminant loadings to receiving waters would also increase substantially based on the conservative
analysis. Since the Vermillion River and the Mississippi River above Lock and Dam No. 2 are water-
quality limited, such increased loadings would potentially result in noncompliance with water-quality
standards if not mitigated. Also, runoff contaminated with deicing fluids would have high oxygen
demand and therefore would require treatment prior to discharge.
Stormwater runoff will require facilities capable of ineeting flood-control requirements by managing the
estimated runoff quantities. Treatment facilities will be needed to reduce contaminant loadings to
receiving waters to comply with water-quality standards.
Sanitary sewage flow from the new airport, regardless of the site, is estimated at about two million
gallons per day (mgd) in year 2020. However, a required treatment capacity of four million gallons per
j day has been assumed, including an amount of glycol contaminated stormwate� equivalent to the daily
'__I volume of sanitary sewage.
Wastewater from the airport facilities will require new, on-site treatment facilities or expansion of
j� treatment capacity at an existing treatment plant. The Hastings and Rosemount plants have limited
`- ' potential for expansion sufficient to accommodate the additional wastewater from a new airport. The
Empire plant has potential to expand to handle the anticipated volume from the airport. However,
�' � because flows in the lower Vermillion River are already heavily affected by discharge from the Empire
; � plant, an airport treatment facility would undoubtedly be faced with extremely stringent limitations and
vi
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treatment requirements for discharge into this river. It is also possible that an additional discharge to
this river might only be acceptable if a cap were placed on the expansion potential of the Empire
treatment facility. Such a capacity cap could have negative consequences to the planned provision of
sewer se�vice to se�ve forecast growth in Dakota County.
Discharge into the Mississippi River upstream of Lock and Dam No. 2 would probably require some level
I of advanced wastewater treatment to protect water quality standards. Discharge downstream of Lock
and Dam No.2 would require only secondary treatment because increased flows from the confluence
! with the St. Croix River would provide for the maintenance of water -quality standards without requiring
advanced levels of treatment, at least for the assumed four mgd from a new airport. However, because
I of concerns for the water quality of �ake Pepin, a new discharge may be required to provide
phosphorous and ammonia removal in addition to conventional secondary treatment.
There is also the possibility of conveying wastewater effluent from any of the three sites to the
metropolitan interceptor in northern InVer Grove Heights, for treatment at the Metropolitan Wastewater
Treatment Plant. However, until phosphorous discharge limits for this facility are known and long-range
system plans are completed, it is uncertain whether sanitary sewage flows from the new airport could
be accepted at that facility.
Considerable care will be needed to prevent and/or contain surface spills or subsurface leaks of
hazardous materials frorn contaminating the groundwater at any of the sites. The Prairie du Chien
aquifer is regionally important and is extensively used for domestic and agricultural water supplies. In
locating wet basin storage, it will be necessary to locate and properly abandon all existing wells in the
selected site, in addition to avoiding areas with shallow cover over bedrock.
I Section 4(f) Properties - Coates City Park is the only community park that would be displaced (by Site
6). There would be unavoidable historic, architectural, archaeological and cultural resource impacts
associated with avoiding this park, however. There are no community parks affected by Sites 2 or 3.
Also, there are no publicly-owned parks, recreation lands, trails, protected wildlife or waterfowl refuges
�' of local, state or national significance located within the year 2020 DNL 65 noise contour for any of
� the sites.
Historic, Architectural, Archaeological, and Cultural Resources - Impacts to archaeological properties
. � occur when construction would physically disturb the site. An assessment of these impacts cannot be
made until more specific airport plans are developed. Site 6 could affect 17 archaeological properties,
while Sites 2 and 3 could affect less than half that number. However,. if necessary, mitigation through
, data recovery may be feasible for most properties, witM the exception of Chimney Rock and the Euro-
� American cemeteries.
In the case of historic and architectural properties with potential National Register eligibility, Site 6
affects six properties and one district (Gopher Ordnance Works), Site 3 affects six properties, and Site
2 affects three properties. As with archaeological properties, preservation in place is preferred. When
this is not possible, documentation for the Historic American Buildings Survey or the Historic American
Engineering Record is typically considered appropriate mitigation for significant resources of the built
environment.
Biotic Communities - The potential for bird-aircraft hazards are based on the wetland acreages within
10,000 feet of runway ends and the presence of other significant conditions, such as landfills within
five miles of each site. However, there are no firm, research-based altitude or disfiance thresholds for
use in analyzing bird-aircraft hazards. In addition, the construction of a major new airport is likely to
result in unforeseeable changes in bird movements in the surrounding area. It is therefore impossible
to identify with certainty the conflicts that will occur and specific mitigation measures that will be
needed to address those problems, aside from selecting a site that minimizes the amounfi of air traffic
around known bird concentration areas. For this reason, mitigation measures oriented toward avoiding,
minimizing or correcting specific bird-aireraft hazards are best developed after a new airport is
completed and post-construction bird movements can be analyzed. If potential mitigation measures are
vii
not considered, Site 2 appears to have the highest potential for bird-aircraft hazards, Site 6 appears to
have the least potential, and Site 3 appears to be midway between the other two sites.
Endangered and Threatened Species - No impacts to rare plants or plant communities are anticipated.
However, Sites 2 and 3 each offer significant benefits in that either of these sites would allow the
acquisition, protection and management of plant communities harboring such plant species.
The loggerhead shrike is the only state rare, threatened or endangered animal specie known to exist
within the three sites. Two known shrike locations in Sites 2 and 3 and three locations in Site 6 would
be affected.
No impacts to bald eagles are anticipated. Flight tracks appear to place aircraft at sufficient altitudes
to avoid potential impacts even for direct overflights. Site 6 appears to represent the least potential
for impacts. Site 2 would place aircraft closest to a known eagle nest, and Site 3 would place aircraft
slightly farther away.
Wetlands and Floodplains - Site 3 would require no wetland drainage or filling. Site 2 would have
relatively minor wetland impacts, given the size of the project and that these impacts — approximetely
three acres — could be readily offset through on-site wetland replacement. The mitigation required for
Site 6 would be more extensive, at 128 acres, 68 acres of which would need to be replaced off-site.
Given the federal and state regulations governing wetlands, a very substantial public benefit from Site
6 would be needed to regard it as the only feasible alternative.
For each site, a small portion — 130 to 190 acres— of the floodplain would be filled by the airport
construction. The amount of floodplain that would be filled in each site could raise the peak flood
elevation. The Vermillion River Watershed Management Commission does not allow any increase in
maximum flood elevation. However, there is adequate space within each site for replacement of the
floodplain storage that would be lost due to the airport construction, so that the flood elevation would
not be increased.
Farmland - The farrnlands that would be acquired within the boundaries of the selected site, as now
configured at this early study stage, may leave land remnants outside of the site. The remnant pieces
may no longer be viable, depending on their size and configuration and access to the property. The
more detailed planning of the selected site will address such affected individual farmland parcels and
will make recommendations as to their disposition — for example, acquisition of the whole parcel by
the airport for inclusion within the airport boundaries and leasing out the acquired land for continued
agriculture use.
Energy Supply - Energy consumption by building facilities would be essentially the same at all Candidate
Sites. Local suppliers that may supply electricity and natural gas to a new airport include the Prairie
Island Nuclear Power Plant and the Koch Refinery. Energy consumption by aircraft and surface vehicles
will differ between sites by virtue of their locations relative to the Twin Cities Area. Differences in
vehicle fuel consumption on the regional network within the study area have been estimated. Fuel
consumption for Sites 2 and 3 would be 15 million gallons greater than that associated with Site 6.
�ight Emissions - Light emission sources include airfield and aircraft approach lighting, building lighting
and surface transportation facility lighting. These will be visible during nighttime hours through open
vistas for most of the southeastern Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, but will be most intrusive to
remaining farmsteads and r�rel residents near the airport.
Solid Waste - It is estimated that the new airport will generate about 40,000 tons of solid waste in the
year 2020 at any of the sites. This would represent aboufi one percent of the region's year 2010
forecast quantity and eight percent of Dakota County's without any recycling. The Metropolitan Area's
solid waste management system is in transition towards increased emphasis on recycling and a more
integreted regional system. The potential impact of solid waste generated by the new airport will
depend on the extent of these transitions.
' ( viii
I _,
j '
'
Construction Impacts - Construction impacts would be essentially the same for all sites. They include
short-term impacts to the natural and human environments that cause temporary air, land and water
resource clisturbances and disruption of community services and facilities.
General Visual Impacts - Visual impacts common to each of the Candidate Sites would be the
interruption of horizontal vistas and sightlines as a result of the new airport s#ructures. The most scenic
vista that would be impacted — by Site 2— is the Chimney Rock Sandstone Column.
Mitiqation Measures
Noise - The aircreft flight tracks used in modeling the DNL noise levels were developed to derive the
full capacity of the runway system, while avoiding overflight of residential development. The flight
tracks will be adjusted to further minimize noise impacts with more detailed planning of the selected
site. Other noise mitigation measures that might be integrated into a new airport environment include
aircraft noise abaternent procedures and land use measures.
Social Disruptions - Comparable and available replacement housing in the area will be difficult to locate
for residents displaced from housing associated with farmsteads. Comparable housing would need to
be located in a similar, rural area. Rural residents that live on large lots where the principal use of the
property remains residential, would be less difficult to relocate. A detailed residential relocation study
will be performed for the selected site.
j Surface Transportation - The section of TH 149 which connects TH 55 to I-494 will be significently
impacted if the airport is built in Dakota County. A possible mitigation that would need further study
is the addition of a half-diamond interchange from TH 55 to I-494 directed towards the west. Also,
:, I if an improved transit option we�e provided, with attractive connections to the rest of the region, the
fevel of transit usage could be improved and the level of auto traffic reduced.
Water Quality - A stormwater management facility for the new airport will be designed to reduce the
increase in the peak rate of runoff and simultaneously reduce pollutant loads to receiving waters, to
ameliorate preconstruction conditions. The reduction in both the peak rate af runoff and pollutant loads
will serve as design criteria for the stormwater management facility. Based on e 10-year storm event,
up to 1,000 acres of detention basins would be needed, if wet detention basins are used. Sites 2 and
3 have adeq�ate area available on-site to place such basins in areas not susceptible to sinkhole
formation, but Site 6 has limited suitable area available on-site.
; � Deicing fluids will be contained and recycled to the extent feasible. Runoff contaminated with glycol
j� (aircraft deicing agent) would be segregated from the normal runoff collection and storage system.
' Glycol contaminated stormwater may be discharged to a sanitary sewer, with or without pretreatment,
if adequate sewer capacity is available. Pretreatment could be accomplished by aeration in collection
( 1 basins and addition of nutrients for promotion of biological breakdown of the glycols. If an on-site
I � treatment system is used for all sanitary wastewater, additional capacity could be provided to treat
glycol contaminated stormwater. Since glycol is also fairly biodegradable in soil, a land treatment
, approach may be feasible. In addition, research and development continues on alternative deicing
substances which have less environmental consequences.
Wetlands - Wetlands mitigation would require approximately 6 acres of replacement wetland for Site
2 and 117 acres for Site 6; none would be required for Site 3. These acreages assume that the present
wetlands regulatory framework remains in place at the time the selected site is constructed.
Light Emissions - Mitigation of light emissions will include the shielding of lights, angular adjustments
and berming where appropriate to reduce impacts to rural residential a�eas and farmsteads.
Visual Impacts - Visual impacts would be mitigated by incorporating high-quality design standards
within and adjacent to public building and access areas, uniform standard directional signage, and
controls on advertising/electronic mediums. The scale of the cluster of buildings typically associated
i
J
� with the terminal area of a major airport provides the opportunity to create a unique visual element to
the landscape.
Unavoidable Impacts
� Adverse impacts that appear to have little chance for adequate mitigation include, at Site 2, noise
impacts on cemeteries, and,at Site 6, elimination of the City of Coates and protected wetlands, height
restrictions on development of area industrial facilities, displacement of a church and a cemetery, and
impacts ta parklands.
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A. Format of the Document
The Draft AED is structured to comply, where appropriate, with the format and content of Order
5050.4A of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). As shown in the table of contents, the
general format is the following:
1. Purpose and Need for Action
2. Alternatives (under consideration, eliminated, and the preferred alternative)
3. Affected Environment (of the alternatives under consideration)
4. Environmentel Consequences (of the alternatives under consideration)
B. Background
The new airport site selection study is part of the airport planning legislation enacted by the
� Minnesota legislature in 19$9 (known as the Dual Track Airport Planning Process). The purpose
� of the legislation is to determine whether the long-term air transportation needs of the
' metropolitan area and the state can best be met by enhancing capacity at Minneapolis-St. Paul
International Airport (MSP) or by developing a replacement airport within the metropolitan area.
� � The 1989 legislation specified actions for both the Metropolitan Cauncil and the Metropolitan
i Airports Commission during the 1989-1996 planning period.
The following actions have since been taken:
The Metropolitan Council (MC or Council) amended its aviation plan in January, 1990
to include both airport improvements and enhancement of capacity at the existing
Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (MSP) and the location and development of
a new major airport -- as alternatives for major airport development in the Metropolitan
Area for the next 30 years.
2. The Council, in December, 1991, designated the Dakota Search Area in Dakota County
as the location for the planning and development of a new major airport. The process
utilized by the Council in designating the search area was approved by the Minnesota
Environmental Quality Board (MEQB) on October 18, 1990 as an alternative
environmental review process.
3. The Metropolitan Airports Commission (MAC or Commissioni adopted in November,
1991, a long-term comprehensive plan for MSP.
4. The Commission submitted an alternative environmental review process for the Dual
Track Airport Planning Process to the MEQB, which was approved on March 19, 1992.
5. A First Phase Scoping Report describing the Dual Track Airport Planning Process was
prepared and made available for public and agency review on March 30, 1992. Three
public meetings were held in April, 1992 for public and agency comment. Responses
to substantive comments were published in March, 1993.
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
; � I-1
i__�
6. The Scoping Document and Draft Scoping Decision Document for the selection of a
new airport site were prepared by MAC and made available for public and agency
review on March 1, 1993. A public scoping meeting was he�d March 18 and the
Scoping Decision Document, including responses to comments, was adopted by the
Commission on June 21, 1993.
7. The Dreft AED for the selection of a new airport site, including the identification of a
preferred site, was adopted by MAC on September 20, 1993 for public/agency review
and comment.
Future actions to be taken:
8. MAC will hold a public hearing, prepare and adopt the Final AED, determine its
adequacy, and select the site for a possible new major airport. (January, 1994)
9. MAC will prepare scoping documents, hold a public meeting and adopt a Scoping
Decision Document for the development of alternative comprehensive plans at the
selected new airport site. (June, 1994)
10. MAC will prepare the Draft AED, hold a public hearing, adopt the Final AED, determine
its adequacy, and select the new airport comprehensive plan. (March, 1995)
11. MAC witl prepare scoping documents, hold a public meeting and adopt a Scoping
Decision Document for the update of alternative comprehensive plans at MSP. (March,
1994)
12. MAC will prepare the Draft AED, hold a public hearing, adopt the Final AED, determine
its adequacy, and select the MSP comprehensive plan. (November, 1994)
13. MAC, in concert with FAA, will prepare EIS scoping documents, hold a public meeting,
and adopt a Scoping Decision Document on alternatives, including "no action", to meet
the long-term air transportation needs in the Metropolitan Area. (July, 1995)
14. MAC, in concert with FAA, will prepare the Draft EIS, hold public hearings, and prepare
the State Final EIS. (February, 1996)
15. The MEQB will determine the adequacy of the State Final EIS. (April, 1996)
16. The MAC and MC will prepare a joint Decision Document with recommendations and
submit to the Minnesota Legislature. (June, 19961
17. The Minnesota Legislation will select the appropriate alternative (proposed action).
(1997?)
18. The FAA will prepare the Federal Final EIS on the proposed action.
New Airport Site Altemative Environmental Document
I-2
C. Purpose and Need for Action
The Purpose and Need section describes the proposed federal action and why it is needed. At
this point in the Dual Track process there is no proposed federal (or state) action.
The purpose of this Draft Alternative Environmental Document (AED) is to present for public
and agency review and comment the social, economic and environmental impacts of the three
alternative sites (Candidate Sites) selected in the scoping process for further evaluation.
Following the public hearing and comment period on the Draft AED, the Final AED will be
prepared which will include the selected site.
The need for this site selection is found in 1989 Minnesota Statute, Section 473.616,
Subdivision 3, New Airport; Site Selection; Comprehensive Plan -- in which the MAC is
mandated to "... select a site for a major new airport in the search area designated by the
council ...".
The Dakota Search Area was selected by the New Airport Search Area Advisory Task Force as
the most promising area in which to locate a possible replacement airport for MSP. The merits
of this search area were evaluated along with two other search areas (Dakota-Scott and Anoka-
Isanti-Chisago Search Areas) identified in early 1991. Six major criteria and more than three
dozen specific measures for these criteria were used, including priority rankings for the
following criteria:
• Metropolitan Access
j o Environmental lmpacts
_! • General Search Area Characteristics (Social and Economic Impactsi
o General Land Requirements
;�- } • Airspace Considerations
'' � • Policy Considerations
�
The Task Force found that the Dakota Search Area prov.ides the best overall time and distance
access to the entire metropolitan region; has the advantage of relatively short distances to the
developed urban core; is further removed both in terms of time and distance; and, has the
fewest environmental constraints (such as wetlands, floodplains, c�rganic soils, and sensitive
plant and animal habitats.)
The Search Area designated by the Metropolitan Council is shown in Figure 1, and the
conceptual layout of the new airport being used for site selection is depicted in Figure 2.
Following selection of the site, a comprehensive plan will be prepared which will determine the
size, location and function of the airport facilities included within the site -- and the
local/regional facilities needed to accommodate the plan. �
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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A. Alternatives Under Consideration
The alternatives under consideration -- referred to as "Candidate Sites" -- are shown in Figure
3. The Candidate Sites (2,3 and 6) were selected for further study by the MAC on June 21,
1993, as a result of the scoping process outlined in the Scoping Decision Document, New
Airport Site Selection Study.
Each site is approximate�y 10,000 acres in size and includes six runways, taxiways, terminal
buildings, support facilities and the federal runway protection zones (RPZ's). The conceptual
layout for each site is shown in Figure 2. When the site is selected, a detailed comprehensive
plan will be prepared which will result in refinements to the conceptual layout. However, the
orientation of the runways will not be substantively altered.
Site 2 is located east of the City of Vermillion, southwest of the City of Hastings and southeast
of the Vermillion River. The four main runways are oriented on an azimuth of 312° from true
north (WNW direction}, and the two crosswind runways on an azimuth of 42° (NNE direction).
Site 3 is similar to Site 2 except the runways are rotated 23° clockwise, with the main runways
oriented on an azimuth of 335° and the crosswind runways 75°.
Site 6 is located northwest of the City of Vermillion, encompasses the City of Coates and is
north of the Vermillion River. The four main runways are oriented on an azimuth of 349°
(NNW) and the two crosswind runways on an azimuth of 79° 1ENE).
B. Alternatives Eliminated
The process to identify potentially feasible sites and the screening of these sites to seven
potential sites is given in the New Airport Site Selection Scoping Document and Scoping
Decision Document (SDD).
Of the seven potential sites considered in the scoping process, four were eliminated from
further consideration. The four sites are shown in Figure 4. Reasons for their elimination are
given in the SDD and summarized as follows:
Site 1• severe impacts on City of Vermillion
� impacts on floodways
Site 4• displaces cities of Vermillion and Coates
� impacts on public park/recreational land and floodways
• potential bird strikes
• impact on state-listed rare species
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Site 5-- displaces City of Coates
-- noise impacts
-- impact on City of Vermillion
-- potential bird strikes
-- wetland impacts _
Site 7-- displaces City of Coates
-- noise impacts
-- impact on City of Vermillion
-- wetland impacts
C. Preferred Alternative
The site preferred by the Commission is Site 3. To evaluate the three Candidate Sites, the
Commission utilized 65 criteria, which are listed in Appendix B along with their application to
the three sites. The criteria show that Sites 2 and 3 are preferable to Site 6. The main
advantage of Site 6 over Sites 2 and 3 is the savings in travel time of 11 minutes for the
average resident in the Metropolitan Area. However, the proximity of Site 6 to the Koch
Refinery creates several problems. Smoke and induced fog and cloud formations by the refinery
will result in greater instrument operations and lower capacity at Site 6. These formations will
be illuminated at night by flames emanating from the refinery stacks. Both the refinery and the
airport would be limited in their ability to expand -- since the refinery will limit runway
development to the north, and the airport runways will limit stack heights at the refinery. In
addition, Site 6 has airspace conflicts which would require the closure of South St. Paul Airport,
and adversely affect instrument landings at St. Paul Downtown Airport and operations at
Airlake Airport. It would also displace the City of Coates, impact the most wetlands and have
the greatest constraints for future expansion (wetlands, Vermillion River and Koch Refinery).
Sites 2 and 3 have similar impacts since they occupy the same general location. Site 3 was
identified as the preferred alternative because it would have less impact on the City of Hastings
than Site 2. Site 2 would have more adverse noise impacts, and place more constraints on the
ability of Hastings to expand -- because of the orientation and location of the runways.
The identification of a preferred site in the Draft AED is to inform the public and agencies of the
Commission's prefe�ence and enable them to comment on the preferred site. Following the
public hearing and comments on the Draft AED, the Commission will respond to comments and
select a site in the Final AED.
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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A. Geographic Description
The selected site will be one of three designated Candidate Sites located within the new airport
; � search area of Dakota County, Minnesota, in southeastem quadrant of the Greater Minneapolis-
` � St. Paul Metropolitan Area (see related study report described in Appendix A). This new airport
search area (referred hereafter as the "Search Area") measures 17 miles east to west and eight
�' miles north to south, and encompasses approximately 115 square miles or 74,600 acres. It
includes the Cities of Coates, Vermillion, and part of Rosemount, and the Townships of Empire,
Vermillion, part of Nininger, and most of Marshan (see Figure 1).
Candidate Sites 2 and 3 are geographically similar, and differ slightly by the orientation of the
runway configurations. These sites are located in the eastern half of the search area. Site 6
is located in the north central portion of the search area. Each site's "footprint" encompasses
approximately 10,000 acres (13 percent of the Search Area).
�. Land Use
Local comprehensive plans were used as a facsimile for current land use. Since the three
'; ") Candidate Sites are located in a largely agricultural portion of the region, the local plans differ
i � little from current land use. "Agriculture" and "Agricultural Preserves" are listed as separate
land uses because "Agricultural Preserves" farmland represents a long-term commitment to
,, agricultural land uses, while "Agricultural" farmland acreages have not received the same long-
'!, term use commitment in the local government's comprehensive plan. The major exception is
,
�.-' in areas adjacent to urbanizing land. For Sites 2 and 3, this includes Hastings; for Site 6, it
includes Rosemount. Planned land use in and around each of the three sites is summarized in
�` � Tables 1, 2 and 3. General existing land use is shown in Figure 5. Future land use is expected
! to be essentially unchanged in the Search Area, without a new major airport.
B.1 Site 2
Most of the land in and adjacent to Site 2 is currently in agricultural use. In addition, most of
the land adjacent to Site 2 has been designated for Agricultural Preserves in the affected
communities' comprehensive plans. This planning designation represents a long term
commitment to agriculture. Although the current long term planning horizon for local
communities extends only through the year 2000, the Council has reviewed regional forecasts
for 2020 with all local governments in the region. These forecasts �eflect a continuation of
agriculture in this portion of the region.
The other major use of land in and adjacent to Site 2 is conservation. This use is also forecast
to remain the same.
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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TABLE 1- Planned I.and Use - Site 2
SITE 2
�and Use Within Site Adjacent Land*
Acres Percent of Acres Percent of
Site Area Adjacent Land
Ag Preserve 9,125.0 91.4% 8,729.0 86.3%
Agriculture 0.0 0.0% 152.3 1.5%
Conservation/Floodplain/ 847.9 8.5% 1,070.9 10.6%
Marsh/Wetland
Commercial 9.1 0.1 % 0.0 0.0%
Industrial 0.0 0.0% 0.0 0.0%
Single Family Residential 0.0 0.0% 0.0 0.0%
Rural Residential 0.0 0.0% 94.6 0.9%
Public Open Space 0.0 0.0% 3.4 0.0%
Public/Quasi-Public Facilities 0.0 0.0% 3.7 0.0%
Wisconsin 0.0 0.0% 59.6 0.6%
Total 9, 981.9 100.0 % 10,1 13. 3 100.0 %
*Adjacent land is all land affected by airport safety zones A and B and DNL 60 noise contours.
Source: Metropolitan Council
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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TABLE 2- Planned Land Use - Site 3
SITE 3
Land Use Within Site Adjacent �and*
Acres Percent of Acres Percent of
Site Area Adjacent I.and
Ag Preserve 9,400.2 91.7% 8,872.7 85.3%
Agriculture 0.0 0.0% 287.2 2.8%
Conservation/Fioodplain/ 842.5 8.2% 916.5 8.8%
Marsh/Wetland
Commercial 9.1 0.1 % 0.0 0.0%
industrial 0.0 0.0% 0.0 0.0%
Single Family Residential 0.0 0.0% 0.0 0.0%
Rural Residential 0.0 0.0% 307.5 3.0%
Public Open Space 0.0 0.0% 22.2 0.2%
Public/Quasi-Public Facilities 0.0 0.0% 0.0 0.0%
Total 10,251.7 100.0% 10,406.1 100.0%
*Adjacent land is all land affected by airport safety zones A and B and DNL 60 noise contours.
Source: Metropolitan Council
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TABLE 3- Planned Land Use - Site 6
" SITE 6
Land Use Within Site Adjacent Land*
Acres Percent of Acres Percent of
Site Area Adjacent Land
Ag Preserve 6,150.2 61.4% 4,136.2 49.0%
Agriculture 1,424.3 14.2% 1,287.6 15.2%
Conservation/Floodplain/ 663.1 6.6% 796.1 9.4%
Marsh/Wetland
Commercial 32.0 0.3% 0.0 0.0%
Industrial 0.0 0.0% 747.6 8.8%
Single Family Residential 21.0 0.2% 0.0 0.0%
Rural Residential 0.0 0.0% 5.8 0.1 %
Public Open Space 6.1 0.1 % 8.9 0.1 %
Public/Quasi-Public Facilities 1,725.4 17.2% 1,466.4 17.4%
(including portions of the �
Rosemount Research Center)
Total 10,022.0 100.0% 8,448.5 100.0%
* Adjacent land is all land affected by airport safety zones A and B and DNL 60 noise contours.
Source: Metropolitan Council
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New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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There are several small, commercial sites within the footprint of Site 2. There are no residences
other than those associated with the farms in the site area. However, there are roughly 100
acres of land adjacent to the site designated for existing and future rural residential
development.
Communities near Site 2 include the city of Hastings and the following rural centers -- Miesville,
New Trier, Hampton and Vermillion. Because very little growth is expected in the four rural
centers, in the absence of a new major airport, current land use (primarily residential with some
commercial and public uses) would not be expected to change significantly in the future.
The City of Hastings is a freestanding growth center that has sustained modest growth over
the past 20 years. The city has recently completed all of its approved orderly annexations.
Recent annexations have occurred south (from Marshan Township) and west (from Nininger
Township) of the city. Although the city has no approved plans for additional annexations, the
location of the Mississippi River and other natural environmental features suggest that any
future annexations would continue both south and west of the current city limits.
B.2 Site 3
Existing and future land use in and adjacent to Site 3 varies little from Site 2. The one
significant difference is the amount of adjacent land used for rural residential purposes. There
are roughly 100 acres adjacent to Site 2 used or planned for rural residences, while the figure
for Site 3 is slightly more than 300 acres.
B.3. Site 6
'� Although land in and adjacent to Site 6 is also predominately agricultural in use, a substantial
amount of land in and adjacent to the site is designated for public uses. In addition, nearly 750
; I acres adjacent to the site are used or designated for industry. Mast of the industrial land is in
� � what is known as the Pine Bend area in the City of Rosemount. Much of the area designated
� for public uses is owned by the University of Minnesata. Rosemount submitted a
comprehensive plan amendment to the Metropolitan Council that redesignates roughly 500
j'� additional acres from agriculture to industrial use. The Metropolitan Council approved the
� amendment on November 4, 1993.
A significant portion of the rural center of Coates falls within the footprint of Site 6.
Communities near Site 6 include the cities of Apple Valley, Farmington and Rosemount and the
rural centers of Hampton, New Trier and Vermillion. The.rural centers are discussed above.
Rosemount is comprised of an older, freestanding community west of TH 3 both north and
south of CR 42, newer suburban neighborhoods, the Pine Bend industrial area, the Unive�sity
of Minnesota property and agricultural use.
Apple Vatley is a rapidly growing suburban community. Land uses near Site 6 include gravel
mining and residential areas. Gravel mining is expected to continue in this area for 20 to 50
years. End use for the gravel mining areas will be residential.
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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Farmington is a freestanding growth center. The original city is located southwest of Site 6.
, Although a substantial portion of the city is in agricultural use, the city has designated a large
� area north and west of the old city for residential development. This area is expected to
continue developing into residential use. The city has petitioned the Minnesota Municipal Board
to annex 7,520 acres from Empire and Castle Rock Townships. This area runs north from the
(, �old city along Biscayne Avenue to the Rosemount border. Portions of the area fall within the
, DNL 60 noise contours for Site 6. The outcome of this annexation will not be known for some
time. However, even if the Municipal Board approves the annexation, it is unlikely that urban
development would occur at a faster pace than currently forecast. Most of the proposed
, � annexation area is in agricultural use.
I
B.4 Principal Public and Private Utilities and Facilities
Principal public and private utilities and facilities within. and adjacent to the Search Area
Candidate Sites include landfills, compost sites, pipelines, wastewater treatment plants, and
overhead power lines. Figure 6 identifies many of these utilities and facilities.
One noteworthy land use, the Koch Refinery, a major petroleum production and distribution
; facility for the region, is located immediately north of the Seareh Area in Rosemount at the
! f south junction of Highways 52 and 55. The refinery's production process frequently emits
large steam plumes.
j} Photographic data was collected on visible plumes from Koch Refinery relative to potential
� � approach paths to the airport sites. Data were collected from March 11, 1993 to May 13,
1993. Both time lapse and still cameras were utilized at two locations: 11 2 miles southeast
�� of the refinery on 145th Street in Rosemount and 2) 1'h miles southwest of the refinery on
� 135th Street in Rosemount.
,---� �There were six days within the monitoring period when plumes extended well away from the
refinery or contributed to cloud formation distinct from natural cloud formations present.
During these events, the majority of visible plumes and water vapor came from the main
refinery facilities at the northern portion of the refinery complex. The flare stack and other
( I stacks at the southern edge of the site do not contribute substantially to visible plumes.
The water vapor emitted from various points in the main refinery frequently forms visible
plumes due to condensation, but the plumes are generally visible only within the immediate
vicinity of the refinery complex since they rapidly disperse or dissipate. However, there were
occurrences when visible plumes or clouds formed from water vapor emitted by the refinery
reached heights of up to 2,500 to 3,000 feet above ground level. Such occurrences were
observed both to the east and west of the refinery, but usually under relatively calm conditions.
Some clouds formed from Koch vapor emissions were observed to have drifted to distances up
to 4,000 feet from the refinery.
Since the monitoring covered a period from mid-March through mid-May, both winter and spring
meteorological conditions were included in the data. However, due to the limited time period
covered, the data does not include the full potential range of conditions which could occur.
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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C. Population, Industrial, and Commercial Growth
C.1 Population Growth
An historical overview of the population growth rate of the Dakota County Search Area
municipalities and minor civil divisions, as well as surrounding communities, is compa�ed in
Table 4 to the Twin Cities region and the State of Minnesota.
�-, Table 4 indicates that the Search Area is located on the periphery of a rapidly growing sector
' i of the Twin Cities region; however, because of the predominance and preservation of
agricultural land uses within the Search Area communities, the growth rate of these jurisdictions
has been more stable. By about 2015, the supply of forecasted developable land in the most
; I rapidly growing cities in Table 4 will be largely exhausted, thereby exerting natural development
pressures to urbanize more of the western and northern portions of the Search Area.
C.2 Industrial and Commercial Growth
Industrial and commercial growth (non-tarm related) in the Search Area has been limited by the
preservation of agriculture and by the growth management mechanism of the Metropolitan
Council, the Metropolitan Urban Services Area (MUSA), which controls de facto the extension
of utilities and related infrastructure needed by businesses. Most of the industrial and
commercial growth in the area has been in neighboring northern and western Dakota County
communities of Apple Valley, Eagan, Lakeville. However, there are several small pockets of
industrial and commercial development in the Search Area within the corporate limits of Coates
and Vermillion, as well as in township areas.
C.2.1 Emplovment Centers within Search Area Candidate Sites and Vicinitv
The major non-farm business and employment centers within the Candidate Sites and vicinity
� are agriculturally-based (seed companies, nurseries, and growing ranges). Also present are
!--� industries (construction companies, trucking, and light manufacturing businessesl, gravel mines,
and highway-oriented commercial retail businesses (convenience/fuel stations and restaurants).
C.2.2 Reaional Emplovment
Table 4 identifies regional employment trends in the Search Area jurisdictions and surrounding
area, including current forecasts. Employment within the communities listed is derived from
highway-oriented commercial establishments (gas/grocery/convenience stores and restaurants),
automotive repair, light manufacturing and assembly plants, retail goods and services, gravel
mines, schools and community services, and farm-related businesses (such as nurseries, farmer
cooperatives, implement dealerships).
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
III-9
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D. Naturai Resources
The inventory of natural resources within the Search Area has been assigned two
classifications: resources of the natural environment and designated natural resource areas.
Resources of the natural environment include soils and earthen materials, groundwater and
surface geology, wetlands and watercourses, floodplains, biotic communities (fish, wildlife, and
ecologically sensitive resources, including rare, threatened or endangered speciesl. Designated
natural resource areas include those areas preserved or usable with restrictions.
D.1 Natural Environment Resources
D.1.1 Soils and Surficial (Glacial) Geoloav
`` I The most common soil types under all three sites are the Waukegan-Wadena-Harwick
soils, which are level to very steep, well drained and excessively drained soils formed
in silty and loamy sediments over sandy outwash on outwash plains and terraces. The
� I second most significant soil group within Site 6 is the Marshan-Cylinder soils along the
Vermillion River which are nearly level, poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained
soils formed in silty and loamy sediments over sandy outwesh on outwash plains. The
Marshan-Cylinder soils extend into Sites 2 and 3, but the most significant secondary
i� soils at these sites are the Hubbard-Sparta-Plainfield soils to the east and the Etter-
� Rockton-Copaston soils to the south. The Hubbard-Sparta-Plainfield soils are level to
moderately steep, excessively drained soils formed in sandy sediments on outwash
�" � plains and terraces. The Etter-Rockton-Copaston soils are nearly level to sloping, well
� drained soils formed in loamy sediments over sandstone or limestone bedrock on
uplands and terraces. Soils are generally illustrated in Figure 7.
All three sites are located on Wisconsin outwash deposits. Three fourths of the
common substrates at Site 6 are Superior �obe outwash gravels and sands. Sites 2 and
3 also contain a significant component of these Superior Lobe outwash sands (35%),
but the most common unit under these sites.is the slightly younger Des Moines Lobe
outwash (51 %). Although the Superior and Des Moines Lobe outwashes can be
distinguished based on their characteristic sand and pebble assemblages, the soils and
glacial deposits are very similar at all three sites.
D.1.2 Bedrock Geolocav
The bedrock geology of all three sites is generally similar. All three sites are underlein
by relatively flat lying, Early Paleozoic, marine dolomitic limestones, sandstones and
shales.
All of the bedrock formations beneath the sites were covered by shales and carbonates
that have been removed by subsequent erosion events. The current surface landscape
is a glacio-fluvial terrain that has been shaped by the interacting forces of glacial
; � erosion/deposition and water erosion.
The depth to bedrock less than 50 feet from the ground surface is shown in Figure 8.
Bloomgren and others' (1990) indicate that the depth to bedrock under Site 6 ranges
from less than 50 feet to 400 feet. The range for Sites 2 and 3 is from less than 50
feet to 500 feet. Cleland and others' (1990) show scattered outcroppings in all three
sites indicating that the less than 50 foot range does go to 0.
!� New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
111-12
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These sources show that a system of buried valleys has been eroded into the near
surface bedrock surfaces by eariier incarnations of the Minnesota and Mississippi
Rivers. These valleys have been fiiled with glacially derived sediments, and it is in
these curvilinear, steep-walled valleys where the depth to bedrock reaches 351 + feet
under Site 6 and 401 + feet under Sites 2 and 3. The shailow depth to bedrock areas
of all three sites are similar, but there are more buried river valleys under Sites 2 and
3 than Site 6.
D.1.3 Sinkholes
IThe Prairie du Chien dolostones that underlie all three sites have been subjected to karst
,; solutional activity since the mid-Ordovician. Currently active karst features are present
throughout the Prairie du Chien. Sinkhole formation is possible at atl three sites. In
� general, construction activities which entail alteration of natural drainage patterns,
'; I dewatering, or, most importantly, construction of lakes, lagoons, and holding ponds
increase the probability of new sinkhole formation.
Cleland and others (1990) mapped four sinkholes within Sites 2 and 3 and another 20
sinkholes were mapped north, east and southeast of these sites. No sinkholes were
mapped in Site 6 but the bedrock hydrogeology is very similar to that found in Sites 2
and 3. There are numerous closed depressions visible on the topographic maps in Site
6. Many of these are ice block and other glacial features, but an unknown fraction of
them may be karst features. In the sinkhole probability rating system used in
Alexander and Maki (1988) for Olmsted County in southeastern Minnesota, the shallow
depth to bedrock portions of Sites 2 and 3 would rank in the "moderate to high
probability" category, while the shallow depth to bedrock portions of Site 6 would rank
in the "low to moderate probability" category. The areas of all three sites with more
than 50 feet of glacial sediment cover would rank in the "low probability" category
while those areas in Sites 2 and 3 where the buried river valley has removed all of the
Prairie du Chien would rank in the "no sinkhole probability" category.
D.1.4 Other Special Geolocaic Features
The Empire Fault and unnamed subsidiary faults underlie the area around Vermillion and
extend northeast to near Hastings. These faults underlie the eastern-most part of Site
6 and the northwest edge of Sites 2 and 3. An earthquake which occurred on April 24,
1981 in Cottage Grove, Minnesota may have been associated with these faults
(Chandler, 1990; Chandler and Morey, 1989). This earthquake had a Richter
Magnitude of 3.6 and a Mercalli Intensity of I11-IV.
D.1.5 Wetlands
In order to determine the extent and distribution of wetland resources within the Search
Area, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetland Inventory (NWI) maps were
digitized and entered into a Geographic Information System (GIS). Through the use of
GIS, the wetlands shown on the NWI maps could be readily overlain on various
alternative sites throughout the site selection process. NWI maps are subject to some
e�ror since they are based on interpretation of 1980 color infrared aerial photography.
However, the NWI maps appear to accurately represent the wetland resources of the
Search Area. This Area has rolling topography which results in readily identifiable,
distinct wetland boundaries. In order to provide a conservative analysis during site
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
III-15
�;
{_. j
'; selection, it was assumed that atl wetlands located within the boundaries of a given
' alternative site would be eliminated if that site were selected.
Throughout this text, wetlands have been referred to by the classifications described
in Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (FWS/OBS Publication 79/31;
Cowardin et al. 1989) and Wetlands of the United States (USFWS Circular 39; Shaw
and Fredine 1971). "Cowardin" classifications are given first with Cowardin
abbreviations and "Circular 39" types being given in parentheses.
_ Approximately 2,800 acres of wetland were identified within the Search Area based on
, I NWI data. The predominant wetland types in the Search Area are temporary and
' seasonel palustrine emergent wetlands (PEMA and PEMC; Circular 39 Types 1 and 3
seasonably flooded flats and shallow marshes). Figure 9 illustrates all wetlands shown
` � on NWI maps within the Search Area.
The vast majority of the wetland acreage within the Search Area lies within the Empire
Wetland Complex in the southwest corner of the area. This wetland complex once was
highly diverse comprising emergent, unconsolidated bottom, scrub shrub and forested
wetlands of numerous different water regimes. Much of this acreage has been partially
or completely drained with the drier emergent types being gone and the. wetter types
transitioning into scrub shrub antl forested types.
D.1.6 Floodplains
� � Floodplains in the Search Area are concentrated near the watercourses of the Vermillion
I � River. The Candidate Sites include 100-year floodplain areas and areas managed by the
Vermillion Watershed Management Commission. Figure 10 illustrates the floodplains
(floodway and floodway fringe areas) within the Search Area.
D.1.7 Wild and Scenic Rivers
There are no wild and scenic rivers within the Search Area. However, the L.ower St.
Croix National Scenic Riverway and the Cannon River are near the Search Area, and
their recreational use may be affected by overflights to the Candidate Sites.
D.1.8 Biotic Communities
D.1.8.1 Wildlife and Fisheries Habitat
The primary natural biotic communities in the Search Area consist of: (1) wetlands, (2)
� upland forest and agricultural land and (3) rivers and streams. Wetlands have been
, � discussed in detail in Section D.1.5 above. The vast majority of the Search Area is in
' agricultural use. Within the three Candidate Sites, between 91 and 96 percent of the
�' land is in agricultural use (for Site 6, this includes the Rosemount Agricultural Research
Centerl with most of the remaining land being wetland. Generally, the agricultural land
' within the three Candidate Sites is intensively farmed with little undisturbed upland
_._ forest or grassland remaining. Most of the upland forest within the Candidate Sites is
in the form of small farmstead woodlots, linear windbreaks and pine plantations. A
I substantial amount of mature oak forest exists at the east end of the Search Area;
however, almost all of this timber lies outside of the three Candidate Sites.
I � New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
` III-16
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The agricultural lands within the Search Area are inhabited by typical farmland wildlife
species such as ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus co%hicus}, mourning doves (Zenaida
macrourai, great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus), white-tailed deer (Odocoilus
virginianus), cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus), gray and fox squirrels (Sciurus
carolinensis and S, niger) .red and gray foxes (Vulpes fulva and Urocyon
cinereoargenteus), raccoons (Procyon loto�), and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis).
The Vermillion River and its south branch constitute the primary riverine habitats within
the Search Area. The Vermillion River varies substantially in its character across the
Search Area. Most of the westerly reaches of the river are relatively unaltered, being
highly sinuous and having substantial amounts of contiguous forested wetland. The
portion of the South Branch of the Vermillion River that lies within the Search Area also
retains much of its natural cheracter. The Vermillion River maintains this character from
the Empire wetland complex near Farmington to about 2 miles downstream from
Vermillion. The remaining easterly reaches of the river are less sinuous and have had
most of fheir contiguous forested wetlands removed. The Vermillion River retains this
character into Hastings where it regains its forested fringe near its mouth at the
Mississippi River.
The less disturbed portions of the Vermillion River and its tributaries provide excellent
habitat for wood ducks (Aix sponsa), wading birds such as great blue and green-backed
herons (Ardea herodius and Butorides striatus) and fish-eating birds such as kingfishers
(Ceryle alcyon). These areas also provide more limited habitat for dabbling ducks such
as mallards and blue-winged teal (Anas platyrynchos and A, discors). The Vermillion
River supports a variety of warmwater fish species including northern pike (Esox lucius),
largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), carp (Cyprinus ca�pio) and bullheads
(lctalurus nebulosis).
D.1.$.2 Bird-Aircraft Hazards
Because the Search Area does not presently encompass a major airport facility, bird-
I aircraft hazards are not an existing problem. However, there are a number of habitat
features in and around the Search Area which represent potential attractions to birds
which could ultimately conflict with future airport operations. In order to identify
�� habitat components and bird travel corridors which could generate future problems,
coordination was undertaken with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the MDNR Area
. Wildlife Division and Mr. Kermit Piper, a recently retired MDNR Conservation Officer
who had patrolled the Search Area for over 25 years. Data on bald eagle use areas and
' locations of rookeries used by colony nesting birds were collected from the MDNR
Nongame Wildlife Program and from surveys conducted under contract to the MDNR
by Mr. Mark Martell of the University of Minnesota Raptor Research Center.
i'' An inventory of land uses and landforms likely to attract concentrations of birds within
`- ' 26,400 feet (5 miles} of the Search Area was developed; this inventory included large
wetland complexes, wildlife management areas, active landfills, and areas where
� migrating waterfowl and geese were known to stage and feed. Based on these
'.__ investigations, the following habitat features or land uses have been analyzed as
potential sources of bird-aircraft conflicts (see Figure 28, Sec. IV.A):
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
III-19
Spring Lake and Spring Lake Park Reserve District:
The Spring Lake area has been identified as a major Canada Goose wintering area along
, the Mississippi River corridor adjacent to the Search Area. Winte�ing geese move
' between Spring Lake, the Shiely Gravel Mine pits on Grey Cloud Island and Lake
�' ' Rebecca Park. The Spring Lake area also receives substantial waterfowl use during
, migration periods. There is a pending Corps of Engineers proposa) to improve
' I waterfowl habitat within Spring Lake by modifying the distribution of dredge spoil
!� within Spring Lake. The status of this proposal remains uncertain.
Shiely Gravel Pits on Grey Cloud Island:
Roughly 3,000 geese over-winter in the Sheily Gravel Mine pits on Grey Cloud Island.
During November and December this area also receives use by several thousand
migrating ducks.
Lake Rebecca Park:
Lake Rebecca and Lake Rebecca Park are used by the geese wintering in the Spring
Lake area. No survey data is available regarding goose numbers using Lake Rebecca.
Gores Pool Wildlife Management Area:
Gores Pool Wildlife Management Area is a 2,679 acre area of Mississippi River bottoms
extending from 3 miles south of Hastings to just north of Red Wing. Gores Poot lies at
the upstream end of North Lake which is a reservoir created by Lock and Dam No. 3
at the south end of Prairie Island. This area contains little upland and encompasses a
very diverse complex of riverine and palustrine emergent, forested, scrub shrub and
unconsolidated bottom wetlands. Because of its extensive wetland resources and
position along a major migration flyway, the management of Gores Pool Wildlife
Management Area emphasizes waterfowl.
Vermillion River Heronry:
The Vermillion River Heronry is located at the northern mouth of the Vermillion River
I� -� approximately 3 miles northeast of the Search Area. This great blue heron and great
egret (Casmerodius albus) colonial nesting area was first identified in 1955 when it had
255 nests. A total of 816 nests were observed during a 1992 winter nest count
(Appendix A) This area is currently under private ownership but public acquisition of
this area is currently being explored. No detailed study has been performed on the
feeding movements of birds using this heronry; however, on the Minnesota side of the
Mississippi River, the relative scarcity of undrained emergent wetlands suggests that
— the daily feeding movements of these birds would be concent�ated around the river
corridor. The Gores Pool Wildlife Management Area is one area that is likely to receive
;; a substantial amount of feeding use because of its very extensive and diverse complex
'� of wetlands and backwater areas. The Spring l.ake area also appears to be an
important feeding area due to its numerous islands and backwaters.
State Protected Wetland 341 W:
State Protected Wetland 341 W has been identified as a possible bird-aircraft hazard due
to its close proximity to runways associated with Sites 2 and 3. Based on NWI data,
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
III-20
this wetland complex totals approximately 21.72 acres in size and is composed of
ditched seasonally to semi-permanently flooded emergent and scrub shrub wetlands
(PEMCd, PEMFd, and PSS1 C; Circular 39 Types 3, 4 and 6 shallow marsh, deep marsh
and shrub swamp). Based on interviews with Mr. Kermit Piper, Protected Wetland
341 W receives heavy feeding use by geese and ducks during spring migration periods.
He has also observed several hundred tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus} feeding in
the area around this wetland complex during the spring.
Northwest Corner Empire Township:
;' The northwest corner of Empire Township was generally identified by MDNR staff as
,� a goose and duck feeding area during the fall migration period. No survey data exists
as to numbers of birds or their distribution within the township when they are present;
,- i however, MDNR staff estimate these birds to number 200-250 geese and 200-400
' ducks. These birds typically move between Empire Township and resting/staging areas
to the northwest (e.g. the Minnesota Zoo in Apple Valley and Black Dog Lake in
Bloomington).
Pine Bend Landfill:
The Pine Bend l.andfill has not been identified as a major bird concentration area by any
of the agencies contacted. It has been included because active landfills commonly
attract concentrations of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) when earthen cover either
does not fully cover refuse or the placement of such cover does occur with sufficient
frequency. No survey data is available regarding bird use around Pine Bend Landfill;
field data will be collected and analyzed for the Comprehensive Plan AED.
Other Areas Investigated:
The Empire Wetland Complex was not identified as a likely source of bird-aircraft
�� � conflicts due to the extensive drainage that has occurred in this area and the resultant
' � scarcity of emergent wetlands. Very little of the wetland remaining in this complex is
`' emergent or of the water regimes mentioned above. Due to the presence of extensive
,` forested and scrub shrub wetlands in this complex, wood ducks are probably the most
; � common species of waterfowl using the Empire Wetland Complex. It is likely that some
'- ' wetland restoration projects may take place within the Empire Wetland Complex and
that such activities may re-establish some wetlands of the types conducive to
!'� waterfowl concentrations. However, the amount and distribution of such potential
`' 'i restoration activity cannot reasonably be predicted with currently available information.
� This being the case the Empire Wetland Complex has been discussed in a general
, fashion with regard to the potential for bird-aircraft hazards associated with restoration
projects.
Lake Byllesby in Cannon Falls was identified by Mr. Kermit Piper as a major migration
i staging area for ducks and geese. This lake is tao distant from the Search Area to
_, represent a bird-aircraft hazard in itself. However, waterfowl using this area have been
reported by Mr. Piper to trade between Lake Byllesby and the Spring Lake-Grey Cloud
� Island-Lake Rebecca Park area during migration periods. It is unclear whether these
', � birds move directly between Lake Byllesby and the Spring Lake area or whether they
follow the Cannon River corridor and then move along the Mississippi River through
Go�es Pool.
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
III-21
The investigation described above yielded a number of other possible waterfowl flight
paths linking the habitat components listed above to each other as well as to other
habitat components farther away from the Search Area. Generally the habitat
components linked by these fliglit paths are distant enough that it is impossible to
predict with any degree of precision where concentrations of birds are likely to pass
enroute. Again, with currently existing information, these possible flight paths can only
be generally compared to aircraft movements to assess the potential for conflicts. The
primary potential migratory bird flight paths would link the Spring Lake-Grey Cloud
Island-Rebecca Lake area to; (1) Gores Pool, (2) the northwest corner of Empire
Township and (3) Byllesby Lake.
More specific to the various Candidate Sites, all undrained emergent wetlands having
seasonally to semi-permanently flooded hydrologic regimes and lying within 10,000 feet
of potential runway ends were also inventoried so that they can be assessed as
potential hazards for arriving and departing aircraft. These wetland types are those
most likely to be used during migration periods by concentrations of waterfowl. Based
on NWI data, Sites 2, 3 and 6 have approximately 3, 32 and 172 acres of undrained
emergent wetland within 10,000 feet of runway ends, respectively. The 10,000-foot
distance threshold was used to identify potential localized bird-aircraft hazards because
this is the threshold set forth for turbojet aircraft in FAA Order 5200.5A Order Waste
Disposal Sites On or Near Airports. This order states that any waste disposal site
located within 10,000 feet of a runway used by driven aircraft represents an
incompatible land use. This threshold has also been used as guidance for locating other
potentially incompatible land uses or land forms in close proximity to the three
Candidate Sites.
D.1.8.3 Threatened and Endangered Species
Federally threatened and endangered species are protected under the provisions of the
Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Public Law 93-205; hereafter referred to as Federal
ESA). The Federal ESA empowers the Secretary of the Interior to develop and
implement recovery plans for each listed species. Section 7 of the Federal ESA requires
a formal consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for actions authorized,
funded or carried out by Federal agencies that would potentially jeopardize the
continued existence of threatened or endangered species or would result in the
destruction or adverse modification of their critical habitat. The formal consultation
process requires the preparation of a Biological Assessment, from which the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service renders a Biological Opinion regarding the proposed action. The
Federal ESA does not afford candidate species the protections applicable to listed
species.
State-listed threatened, endangered and special concern species are protected under the
provisions of the Minnesota State Endangered Species Act (Minn. Stat. 84.0895;
hereafter referred to as State ESA). The State ESA and/or subsequent regulations
restrict the taking, possession, importation, transport, purchase, sale or disposal of
state threatened and endangered species. Special concern and non-listed rare species
are not legally protected under the State ESA.
In order to obtain the most up-to-date possible information on threatened and
endangered species, the Metropolitan Airports Commission contracted with the
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) Natural Heritage and Nongame
Wildlife programs to accelerate the portion of the Minnesota County Biological S�rvey
New Airport 5ite Alternative Environmental Document
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(MCBS) relating to the Search Area. The MCBS consists of a systematic inventory of
rare natural communities, rare plants and rare animals on a county-by-county basis.
The MCBS utilizes a multi-level survey technique involving: (1) aerial photo
interpretation to identify natural elements of likely significance, (2) an aerial survey to
refine this initial information and (3) intensive ground surveys of selected high quality
natural areas to document the presence and distribution of rare plants and animals. The
Search Area was surveyed during 1992 with ongoing detailed surveys continuing
through the summer of 1993.
Preliminary results from the 1992 field season were compiled in a report entitled Rare
-` Bioloaical Features within the Proqosed New Maior Airport Search Area, Dakota
; � Countv. Minnesota (October 1992). The information contained in this report (with
some updated information regarding loggerhead shrike locations) have been used in the
;, preparation of the analysis which follows.
' The MCBS identified rare biological features at 32 locations within the Search Area --
none of which are federally listed. These include nine rare natural communities, 11 rare
� i plants and 12 rare animals. Rare plant species located in the Airport Search Area
! include Canada frostweed (Helianthemum canadense; state non-listed rare), compass-
plant (Silphium lacinatum; state non-listed rare), cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior; state non-
listed rare), Hill's thistle (Cirsium hillii; state special concern), James' polanisia (Polanisia
I I � jamesii; state endangered►, kitten-tails (Besseya bullii; state endangered, federal
candidate), long-bearded hawkweed (Hieracium longipilum;, state non-listed rare), old
field toadflax (Linaria canadensis; state non-listed rare), rattlesnake-master (E�yngium
', � yuccifolium; state special concern) and valerian (Valeriana edulis ssp, ciliata; state
��'' -� threatened). Rare animal species known to inhabit the Airport Search Area include
Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii; state threatened, federal candidate), bull snake
i (Pituophismelanoleucus; state special concern), loggerhead shrike (Laniusludovicianus;
'.; ; state threatened, federal �candidate), blue racer (Coluber constrictor; state non-listed
rare) and upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda; state special concern).
With regard to threatened and endange�ed species, the above-referenced report
identified a number of critical issues which should be addressed for each Candidate Site
in the AED. These issues are summarized as follows:
1. Loggerhead Shrikes: Dakota County contains over 20 percent of the
known statewide loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) breeding territories
with about one-third being within the Airport Search Area. The MCBS
recommended that: (1j shrike breeding territories be avoided if possible in the
selection of Candidate Sites, (2) that territories be avoided if possible in the
internal design of the selected site and (3) that MAC acquire and manage
alternative breeding territories for shrikes elsewhere in Dakota County to offset
any unavoidable impacts to shrike territories. The MCBS also suggested the
long-term monitoring of loggerhead shrike populations in Dakota County. The
loggerhead shrike is a candidate for federal listing.
2. Hastings Sand Coulee: The Hastings Sand Coulee encompasses a large
sand prairie remnant, has a high level of plant and animal diversity, and harbors
one of the three known Minnesota populations of James' polanisia (Polanisia
jamesiil, a state endangered plant. The MCBS recommended the total
avoidance of the Hastings Sand Coulee in the selection of Candidate Sites.
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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' 3. Empire Wetlands: The Empire wetland complex is the largest in the Search
Area. While there has been substantial drainage of wetlands in this area, the
Empire Wetland Complex still supports two state threatened species; Valerian
(Valeriana edulis) and Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingiil. The MCBS
recommended that, if this area is encompassed by the selected Candidate Site,
that existing hydrologic conditions be maintained, chemical contamination be
avoided, and management plans be prepared for the above-referenced state
,� threatened species.
4. Chimney Rock: Chimney Rock is a wind-eroded sandstone formation
vegetated with mixed oak woodland and sand prairie. This site supports a
population of state-endangered Kitten-tails (Besseyabullii1. The MCBS indicated
that inclusion of Chimney Rock within airport boundaries would be acceptable
provided the rock formation is protected from development and a management
plan is prepared for Kitten-tails and the surrounding natural communities.
These features, listed by status and location, are compiled in Table 5 and
illustrated in Figure 11.
D.1.8.4 Bald Eagles
In addition to the above-described natural features, the MCBS also recommended that
the AED include an investigation of the potential impact of future air traffic upon bald
eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and colonial waterbirds along the Mississippi River.
The Mississippi River in the Spring �ake-Hastings-Red Wing area has long been
recognized as an important migration corridor and winter feeding/night roosting area for
bald eagles. However, since the mid-1980s this area has also become recognized as
an important eagle nesting area. Colony-nesting birds, such as herons, egrets, and
cormorants have also established traditional nesting rookeries in a number of locations
along the Mississippi River between St. Paul and Red Wing.
The Northern States Bald Eagle Recovery Plan (hereafter referred to as the Recovery
Plan) identifies as "essential habitat":
(1) Breeding habitat, including all potential and occupied breeding areas;
(2) Locations perennially used by adult or immature non-breeding eagles during the
breeding or post-breeding period;
(3) Wintering areas used annually by 15 or more eagles for two weeks or longer along
the Mississippi River; and
(4} Locations used by wintering bald eagles during periods of extremely harsh weather,
when suitable feeding and night roost sites are limited in number.
Based on coordination with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and Minnesota
Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), no essential habitat for bald eagles exists
within any of the three Candidate Sites or within the Search Area as a whole.
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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However, a number of areas have been identified as possible essential habitat along the
Mississippi River corridor adjacent to the Search Area. Over the last 10-12 years, bald
eagle activity appears to have increased significantly in the Mississippi River corridor
between St. Paul and Red Wing. While the river corridor proper lies entirely outside the
Search Area, it is in close enough proximity that it is necessary to analyze the potential
for aircraft noise and disturbance impacts upon eagles.
In analyzing the potential for aircraft noise and disturbance impacts to essential bald
eagle habitat, nest locations and traditional winter night roosts have been given the
most priority because: (1) eagles are most traditional about these sites, (2) these sites
have the most narrowly defined characteristics and (3) these sites are most critical to
the ongoing recovery and maintenance of bald eagle populations. Winter feeding
concentration areas have also been identified and analyzed, though the use of these
areas is highly transitory and depends largely on changing ice conditions.
, The MDNR Non-game Wildlife Program staff maintains up-to-date information on the
' � locations and status of bald eagle nests, winter night roosts and winter feeding
concentration areas. As of the winter of 1992-93, there were 6 bald eagle nests
between St. Paul and Red Wing, 4 of which are in relatively close proximity to the
`; I Search Area. One new nest was built in the fall of 1992 at River Mile 822.5 in Spring
'; Lake; a pair of eagles has been incubating eggs in this nest during the spring of 1993.
A second nest exists on Lake Rebecca immediately below the Hastings dam. This nest
, has existed for several years and was active during the 1993 breeding season. Two
' j nests also exist along the Dakota-Goodhue County border near Mud Hen �ake in the
� Gores Pool Wildlife Management Area. The affected nests are shown on Figure 30 in
. . Section IV.A.
� The only traditional winter night-roosting sites located near enough to the Search Area
to be potentially affected are located in the Eagle Point and Big River Coulees on the
( i Wisconsin side of the Mississippi River about five miles southeast of the Search Area.
'; These coulees provide mature roosting trees and are topographically sheltered from
northwest winds. The entire stretch of the Mississippi River that circumscribes the
north and east sides of the Search Area receives feeding use by wintering eagles when
�! ice conditions permit. However there are several known areas where feeding eagles
' consistently congregate during the winter due to favorable ice conditions and food
availability. These locations are; 11) the tailwater area immediately downstream of the
!; Hastings dam, (2) the confluence of the St. Croix and Mississippi Rivers at Prescott,
; � Wisconsin, (3) Trumpeter Valley, and (4) the eastern shorelines of North and Sturgeon
Lakes between Hastings and Prairie Island.
None of the information obtained from the MDNR (Appendix A), indicated any bald
eagle nests, night roosts or winter feeding concentration areas to exist within the
Search Area or within 10,000 feet of a runway end for any of the Candidate Sites. The
; � nest closest to a runway end is 16,240 feet (3.08 miles) away but is also 9,120 feet
' (1.73 miles) east of a line following that runway's heading. Known night-roosting
locations are even more distant from all runway ends, ranging from 27,520 to 59,600
'' ! feet (5.21 to 11.29 miles) away. Winter feeding concentration areas are all at least as
'�, _.,' far from the runway ends for the three Candidate Sites as the nearest nest.
f'i New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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D.2 Designated Natural Areas
D.2.1 Parks and Preservation Corridors
The Search Area includes approximately 5,374 acres of park and recreation lands (See
Figure 12). The predominant feature is the Beilwood State Game Refuge, located in the
east central section of the Search Area abutting its eastern border. Areas immediately
adjacent to the Search Area include Spring Lake Park, the Hastings Wildlife
Management Area, and the Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood State Forest.
Other parks in the Search Area include community parks in the Cities of Vermillion and
Coates.
E. Cultural Resources
Cultural resources include archaeological, historical, and architectural features.
E.1 Archaeological Praperties
Adverse impact to archaeological resources is caused primarily by ground disturbing activities.
For the purpose of the archaeological inventory survey of Sites 2, 3 and 6, areas of potential
impact were therefore generally defined as the acreage contained within the proposed
acquisition boundaries. Survey coverage was expanded, as necessary, whenever landforms
that could represent one continuous archaeological site (e.g. terraces or ridge crests) extended
beyond those tioundaries. The identified archaeological properties that are potentially eligible
for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) are shown in Figure 13.
Details regarding the methodology and results of this field investigation (as well as the
preceding literature/records search which covered all of the initially proposed site alternatives)
can be found in a technical report prepared by Archaeological Research Services (Appendix A).
Two main categories of archaeological properties have been identified within the overall study
area which includes a large portion of the Vermillion River drainage and features considerable
variety in topography and vegetation as well as past and present land use:
(a) Native American heritage sites (habitation sites and/or sites used for
specialized resource procurement/processing as well as at least two geographic
landmarks of recognized spiritual significance to the Native American
communityl;
(b} Late 19th/early 20th century Euro-American sites (primarily early
homesteads but also some evidence connected with educational and
industrial/commercial activity as well as two cemeteries, one of them long since
abandonedl.
Native American archaeological sites tend to be associated with past or present water features.
This is true also of the sites identified during this investigation, all of which occupy cultivated
uplands overlooking the Vermillion River or one of its tributaries. All but one are located in the
western portion of the study area (Site 6). The number of identified sites may seem surprisingly
low considering that many Native American sites are known to exist along the Mississippi River
and Cannon River drainages to the immediate north and south of the project area, and many
topographic features initially were thought to hold archaeological potential
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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(approximately fifty in each of Site 6 and largely overlapping Sites 2 and 3i. The paucity of
evidence may be attributed to recent land use which has impacted many of these topographic
features through intensive cultivation and soil erosion and/or drastic landscaping associated
with recent residential development. (It should also be noted that some areas had to be
excluded from survey due to denied eccess or to unusually high water levels which interfered
with plans to conduct deep testing along certain segments of the Vermillion River).
In the immediate vicinity of Sites 2, 3 and 6 are two rock formations of known importance to
past and present Native Americans as well as to early Euro-American settlers and visitors: Lone
Rock in Empire Township (less than a quarter mile west of Site 6) and Chimney Rock in
Marshan Township (approximately a quarter mile southeast of Site 2 but only barely missed by
Site 3). Both have been listed on the Minnesota Inventory of Geographic Features of Historic
and Cultural Significance. A third formation of similar nature may also have held similar
significance. This formation, located on the boundary between Empire and Vermillion
Townships, lies well within Site 6. The major portion of its crest has been severely altered by
landscaping around a radio tower; the rest could not be subjected to reconnaissance survey due
to objections by the property owner.
Euro-American archaeological sites are more widely and evenly distributed across the surveyed
areas. Most of them are early homesteads that are indicated on historic maps based on late
19th century population data but since have been abandoned -- sites that still feature some
surface evidence of past structures in a reasonably undisturbed setting and therefore also can
be expected to contain buried evidence once associated with the lives of some of the earliest
Euro-American settlers in this area. At least one foundation appears to be that of an early
school house. A dilapidated dam structure, in apparent association with early 20th century
industrial evidence, straddles a tributary to the Vermillion River. (A number of more recent but
still historic building sites, now dilapidated enough to be considereii archaeological in nature,
are associated with the Gopher Ordnance Works, discussed and tabulated below in Section
E.2.) Two 19th century cemeteries are also located within the areas of potential impact, one
of them an abandoned pioneer cemetery, the other one still in use but with early headstones
likely to provide historic data and also, possibly, with early, now unmarked burials.
E.2 Architectural and Historic Resources
The area of potential effect of a new airport site primarily includes the area within the site
boundary and the areas within the DNL 65 contours for each runway. Of the 99 properties
inventoried for this study, 18 were once part of the Gopher Ordnance Works, which might
qualify as a NRHP district. In addition, a total of 16 individual sites merit furthe� research to
determine NRHP eligibility. Six of these 16 properties do not fall within the boundaries outlined
by the DNL 65 noise contours and the boundaries of the Candidate Sites. Even if these
properties are not removed or altered because of airport construction, they could be adversely
affected by increased traffic and noise, and rising land values. Furthermore, loss of crop land
to airport development could damage the economic viability of farm operations, indirectly
threatening historic farmsteads or other properties. �
A more in-depth analysis is provided in the technical report "Cultural Resources Survey, Dakota
County Airport Sites 2, 3 and 6, Volume II: The Built Environment" (Appendix At.
Results of the survey are summarized as follows:
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Site 2 Site 3 Site 6
Surveyed properties within 54 49 56
DNL 65/Airport Perimeter
Potential NRHP properties 3 6 7*
*Includes Gopher Ordnance Works historic district.
The affected properties with eligibility potential for the NRHP are shown in Figure 14.
The legacy of the area's agrarian development is reflected in the farmsteads, fields, and small
towns that continue to dominate the landscape. While there are few traces of the region's
initial settlement in the mid-1800s, a number of properties survive from the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries. Farmsteads typically consist of a residence, a barn, one or more
silos, a granary, and various sheds and outbuildings, such as a privy, smokehouse,
chicken coop, livestock pens, and machinery sheds. The City of Vermillion, which includes a
mix of religious, commercial and residential buildings, contains the only urban properties in the
area with National Register potential.
In the area's northwest corner, the remains of the former Gopher Ordnance Works offer a sharp
contrast to the rural tradition. Over 11,000 acres of farmland was appropriated by the federal
government in 1942 for a smokeless powder production facility, which was never fully
developed. After the war, most of the property was transferred to the University of Minnesota,
which has operated the Rosemount Research Center at the site since that time. While many
structures built for the Ordnance Works have been demolished or moved, the buildings and
ruins that remain a�e interesting artifacts reflecting a crucial period in American history.
The smokestacks of the Ordnance Works, visible for miles, are but one of the intrusions
impinging on the historic integrity of the area's rural landscape. Although beyond the
boundaries of the area to the northwest, the Koch Refinery overshadows the horizon, an
insistent reminder of the modern, industrial world. Exurban residential development is less
concentrated -- but can be a more serious threat to the agrarian landscape. The area's
character is also changed by alterations to the infrastructure, including the addition of new
power lines and the widening and resurfacing of historic travel routes.
Despite these encroachments, however, the area's agrarian heritage remains pervasive. It
-� appears that at least a few properties reflecting this heritage may be eligible for listing in the
i.� National Register of Historic Places. The Gopher Ordnance Works district, representing the
legacy of World War II, may be eligible as well.
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F. Noise
This section discusses aircraft noise characteristics, noise metrics, and site selection noise
analysis methodology, and describes the affected environment in terms of ambient noise levels
in the vicinity of the Search Area.
F.1 Description of Aircraft Noise Characteristics'
Every noise event has certain characteristics. At any instant, a sound may be loud or quiet
(depending upon the amplitude of the wave), high or low pitched (depending on its frequencyl,
sudden or continuous, or build to a peak and fade away. A sound may have identifiable pure
tones in an otherwise broad spectrum of undifferentiated sound. This complexity makes it
difficult to describe a noise event with a single number that can fully convey all of the
characteristics of thet event.
; The major source of noise associated with aircraft operations is aircraft power plants (typically
!� jet engines). As an engine's fan blades and turbo-machinery rotate, they produce turbulence
that generates high frequency noise (e.g. the familiar compressor whine). Also, as hot jet
exhaust is mixed at high velocity with the cooler ambient air, a loud low frequency roar is
!� produced. These sounds are more prominent on older technology engines (such as those used
! on the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and the Boeing 727)•
i� In newer technology engines (such as those used on the Boeing 757Z and McDonnell Douglas
'� MD1 1), the ratio of the air passing by the combustion chamber to the air flowing through the
combustion chamber (known es an engine's bypass ratio) is significantly increased. Fan noise
is minimized by eliminating inlet guide vanes, modifying geometrical relationships between the
� j fan blades and the outlet guide vanes, slowing blade tip speed and lining the nacelle ducts with
�� acoustically absorbent material. High-bypass engines generate lower frequency fan noise and
less jet exhaust noise and are typically much less annoying than low-bypass ratio engines.
A less obvious source of noise is the sound of the airframe traveling through the air. As aircraft
engines become quieter, airframe noise may contribute more to the overall noise generated by
aircraft.
F.2 Description of Noise Metrics
The following sections discuss three noise metrics: A-weighted decibel (dBA), Day-Night
Average Sound Level (DNL1, and L,o.
A-Weiahted Decibel (dBA)
The characteristic most commonly used to describe noise is its loudness, measured in decibels
(dBl. Since the sound pressure that causes physical pain to most humans is approximately one
million times greater than the threshold of hearing, decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale
' The report, "Aircraft Noise Impact - Planning Guidelines for Local Agencies," United States Department of Housing and Urban Development,
1972, has been drawn upon in the preparation of this section.
2 According to MAC ANOMS data, approximately 4 percent of Stage 3 Boeing 757's experience activation of engine bleed valves during
Iandings which results in greater than normal noise levels. Boeing, Pratt & Whitney (the engine manufacturer) and Northwest Airlines are taking
measures to reduce the occurrence of the valves' activation.
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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that "compresses" the resulting values to a range of 0 to about 120 dB. A 10 dB increase in
' the sound pressure level is perceived by humans as approximately twice the volume of sound.
Also, most people cannot readily detect changes in sound pressure levels of less than about 3
dB except in a laboratory environment. Since decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale,
' normal addition does not apply when determining the impact of multiple noise sources. For
`� example, the total level produced by two 100 dB noise sources is 103 dB, not 200 dB. The
level of 10 such sources is 110 dB, and the level of 100 sources is 120 dB.
The human ea� is more sensitive to higher frequency sounds; therefore, the A-weighted decibel
scale (dBA) wes developed to take into account this greater sensitivity. The dBA scale is most
frequently used in aircraft and other environmental noise analysis. Typical dBA levels of some
common sounds are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6- Common Sounds on the DBA Scale
,' � Sound Level Relative Loudness Relative Sound
Sound (dBA) (Approximate) Energy
Military jet fighter takeoff at 500 feet 130 128 10,000,000
�. _ �
Rock music with amplifier (uncomfortably loud) 120 64 7,000,000
Loud motorcycle at 20 feet 110 32 700,000
�I' � Jet plane takeoff (B727) at 1000 feet 100 16 10,000
Orchestral crescendo at 25 feet; Motorcycle at 90 8 1,000
25 feet; Diesel locomotive (20-30 mphl at 50 �
I I feet
��--I Busy street; Diesel truck (moderately loud) 40 80 4 100
mph at 50 feet
�( Interior of department store; Vacuum cleaner at 70 2 10
J 10 feet
Ordinary conversation at 3 feet; Air conditioner 60 1 1
�` � at 20 feet �
i
Quiet urban daytime; Dishwasher next room 50 1/2 0.1
�- � Average office 40 1/4 0.01
�:_ 1 City residence (very quiet) 30 1/8 0.001
Quiet country residence 20 1/16 0.0001
_ Rustle of leaves (just audible) 70 1/32 0.00001
Threshold of human hearing 0 1/64 0.000001
� ;
';__j Source: HNTB analysis from multiple sources.
According to the FAA Advisory Circular Noise Control and Compatibilitv Planninq for Airports
(AC 150/5020-1), the "A-Weighted Sound Level has been found to correlate well with people's
subjective judgement. Its simplicity and superiority over unweighted sound pressure level in
predicting people's response to noise have made it the most widely used metric for assessing
the impact of aircraft noise and for comparing that noise with other community noise sources."
� � New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
�-- � III-35
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j The FAA has determined that A-weighted levels should be used when measuring and describing
instantaneous noise levels. The maximum A-weighted levei reached during an aircraft noise
event is perhaps the most common and simplest way of describing the noise of the event.
In general, the noise level associated with a certain sound decreases by 6 dB for each doubling
of the distance from the noise source; however, certain factors affect noise attenuation and
transmission, including ground cover and the incidence of barriers, vegetation and buildings.
These factors become less important when the noise source is airborne. Meteorological
conditions also affect noise transmission. Temperature gradients, wind speed and direction,
humidity, and atmospheric pressure can combine to cause a 10-15 dB change in the noise
heard on the ground for similar overflights of the same aircraft.
Dav-Niqht Sound Level (DN�)
While it is important to measure the noise of a single event, the long-range impact of prolonged
exposure to noise can best be described with cumulative metrics. The Day-Night Sound Level
(DNL) was developed under the auspices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
to measure the cumulative impact of multiple noise events in an average day. It is the
logarithmic average of sound levels in dBA and is based on a 24-hour Equivalent Sound �evel
(Leq). DNL values incorporate a 10 dBA penalty to noise events occurring between 10:00 PM
and 7:00 AM to account for people's increased noise sensitivity at night. DNL 65 is typically
the level used assessing noise impacts and for land use planning, although for this report a
lower noise level of DNL 60 is also analyzed.
DNL lalso known as Ldn) has been equated, through social surveys, with public reactions to
different noise levels. The DNL metric is recognized by the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development and the Department of Defense as a proper basis for land use planning
around airports.
The Federal Interagency Committee on Noise (FICON) recently evaluated DNL as a noise
�� measurement tool. Their August 1992 report noted that there "are no new descriptors or
, metrics of sufficient scientific standing to substitute for the present DNL cumulative noise
exposure metric," and that DNL methodology "is considered the proper one for civil and military
aviation scenarios in the general vicinity of airports." The FICON report noted that "aircraft
'( noise predictions below DNL 65 ... can be less accurate and should be interpreted with
�' -� caution." Figure 15 illustrates typical community annoyance to various DNL levels in the form
of a graph.
DNL is the index preferred by the FAA, which has developed the Integrated Noise Model (INM)
for DNL calculation. The INM model takes into account flight paths, number of operations, and
the flyover noise associated with a specific aircraft types on a given flight path corrected for
the duration of the sound. Contours of equal DN� value are then developed and mapped,
reflecting the average noise of takeoffs and landings over a year's time. DNL may also be used
for quantifying other noise sources such as auto traffic, and for comparing them to airport-
generated noise.
In the past, the shape and size of the DNL noise contour for an airport was largely determined
by departing aircraft. But as airlines change over to an all-Stage 3 fleet, noise contours have
been increasingly influenced by the noise generated by arriving aircraft. There are several
reasons for this. Since Stage 3 engines are more powerful than Stage 2 engines, aircraft can
climb more quickly. This means that during departure, Stage 3 aircraft will pass a fixed point
on the ground at a higher altitude than a Stage 2 aircraft, reducing noise on the ground.
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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III-37
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However, during landing, Stage 2 and Stage 3 aircraft tend to be at same low altitude as they
follow the final approach course to their assigned runway. While Stage 3 engines are much
quieter than Stage 2 engines during takeoff, this difference is less noticeable during landing
because aircraft are at lower power settings. �At these lower power settings, the noise
generated by the airframe traveling through the air is more apparent than during takeoff. This
airframe noise is similar for both Stage 2 and Stage 3 aircraft. Finally, while departing aircraft
tend to spread out toward their destinations, arriving aircraft are concentrated along the final
approach course to their assigned runway.
As shown in Figure 15, noise exposure of DNL 65 or greater is characterized as significant and
leads to a number of complaints. The FAA has set guidelines for land use within the DNL 65
contour (i.e., DNL 65 or greater). It is acknowledged that the noise impact does not end at the
DNL. 65 contour. For areas within the DNL 60 contour (i.e. DNL 60 to DNL 65), noise may be
characterized as moderate to slight.
�,o
This noise metric measures the point at which a specified sound level is exceeded at least 10
percent of a specified time periad (e.g. one-hour). The state standard states that the sound
level should not exceed L,o65 in the worst daytime hour (between 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m.);
this is the acceptable noise level limit for land uses in Noise Area Classification 1, which
includes residential land uses. The L,o65 analysis produces a contour which depicts points
around the airport that experience noise levels of 65 dBA or greater for 10 percent of the hour
(6 minutes) with the airport operating in a specific configuration. It is calculated for the worst
hourly noise condition which could occur off each runway end. Although the L,o metric does
not consider how often the condition actually occurs, it does indicate what short duration
"worst case" conditions could be in these areas.
F.3 Noise-Sensitive Uses
�� Aireraft noise, through the various psychological and physiological effects it has on people, can
I
, � be a source of community annoyance and conflict with various human activities. The FAA has
identified acceptable noise levels for certain categories of use, explaining the rationale for the
criteria. Table 7 outlines the recommended land use compatibility criteria (from FAR Part 150,
''� I Table 1) used in this study. The Metropolitan Council is in the process of updating the
� Guidelines for Land Use Compatibility with Aircraft Noise in the Metropolitan Aviation
Development Guide Chapter, and the guidelines were therefore not used in this study.
The following is a discussion of land uses and their compatibility with the compatibility criteria
in Table 7.
Residences lother than hotels)
— In areas where noise levels are DNL 75 or greater, all residential development should be
considered non-compatible. In the DNL 65-75 zones, new residential development should be
'i I considered non-compatible and should be permitted only where the infilling of existing
�._ � residential neighborhoods is the only reasonable use. For new development or substantial
redevelopment in the DNL 65-75 noise zones, insulation should be required to achieve interior
' noise level reductions (NLR) of 20-30 dBA, resulting in an interior level of DNL 45, as
�� l �ecommended by the EPA. In addition to acoustical treatment of structures, potential new
residents should be made aware of the noise environment.
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i� TABLE 7- Land Use Compatibility Criteria
(1 of 21
Land Use DNL 65-70 DNL 70-75 DNL 75+
i
� iResidential
r� Residential, other than hotels' N N N
Hotels R125) R(30) R(30)
Nursing homes' N N N
j I Public Use
Schools (public and private) R130) N N
Child care centers R(25) R(30j N
' I Churches R(25) R(30) N
Auditoriums, concert halls R(30} R(35) N
Parking Y Y Y
,_ I Hospitals R(30) R(35) N
Commercial Use
� Offices: business, professional, government Y R125) R(30)
� Retail trade Y R(25) R(30)
Wholesale trade and retail of building Y Y Y
materials, hardware and farm equipment2
I UtilitiesZ Y Y Y
�
Manufacturinq and Production
` Manufacturing, generalZ Y Y Y
IResearch and laboratory uses sensitive Y N N
to vibration
Agricuiture and forestry3 Y Y Y
i l Mining, fishing, resource production Y Y Y
i
I and extraction
Recreational
'. I
�� Outdoor sports arenas and spectator sports Y Y N
Outdoor amphitheaters, music shelis N N N
i�Nature exhibits and zoos Y N N
� Parks, golf courses, riding stables Y Y N
, and other active recreation areas
KEY
Y - Land use and related structures are compatible without restrictions.
�! i N - Land use and related structures are not compatibie and shouid be prohibited.
i
R(25),(30) or (35) - Land use and related structures are generally compatible; measures to achieve Noise Level
, I , Reduction of at least 25, 30, or 35 dBA must be incorporated into design and construction of
istructures. Normal construction can be expected to provide an NLR of 20 dBA; thus, the reduction
_ requirements are often stated as 5, 10, or 7 5 dBA over standard construction. These requirements
assume mechanical ventilation and closed windows year round. The use of NLR criteria will not
, , eliminate outdoor noise problems.
� New Airport Site Alternative Environmentai Document
, III-39
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TABLE 7- Land Use Compatibility Criteria
(2 of 2)
' Where the city determines that residential uses must be allowed, measures to achieve sufficient outdoor to indoor Noise Level
Reduction tNLR) should be incorporated into building and/or zoning codes and be considered in individual approvais. Federal
,� guidelines recommend NLR of at least 25 dBA in DNL 65-70, and 30 dBA in DNL 70-75. Adjustments to these recommendations
i
' may be necessary in considering specific local conditions. in addition to acousticai treatment, potential residents in noise zones
should be notitied of the noise environment.
z Appropriate Noise �evel Reduction (as specified in Footnote 1) must be incorporated into the design and construction of portions
of these buildings where the public is received, office areas or noise sensitive areas.
3 Noise Level Reduction specified in Footnote 1 required for residential buildings.
Source: MSP FAR Part 150 Study Update, March 1992
Transient Lodqinqs
Construction of hotels and motels is generally of a standard that results in interior sound
attenuation higher than that of single family homes. The nature of their use justifies minimal
restrictions, provided that an indoor noise level of no more than DNL 45 is attained. It is
recommended that hotels be permitted in all noise zones provided that interior NLR measures
sufficient to achieve acceptable interior noise levels are required.
Schools
i
1 It is recommended that schools be considered compatible in the DNL 65-70 noise zone provided
;__ � that they have an interior NLR of at least 30 dBA. They should be considered incompatible in
all higher noise zones. The special sensitivity of classroom teaching to periodic aircraft noise
�� events justifies the NLR level more stringent than that applied to residences. These criteria
would be applied to both public and private schools.
� Hospitals
Hospitals are usually well-constructed, air conditioned, and kept closed, resulting in high levels
of interior noise attenuation. It is recommended that hospitals be considered compatible in the
noise zone DNL 65-70 with an NLR of at least 30 dBA, and in DNL 70-75 with an NLR of at
� least 35 dBA. They should be considered incompatible in noise zones above DNL 75.
Nursina Homes
Nursing homes are basically residential in character and should be addressed in the same way
as multi-family homes. It is recommended that they be considered incompatible in noise zones
— ebove DNL 70, and permitted in DNL 65-70 only with an NLR of at least 25 dBA.
� j Child Care Centers
!. _ � Since classroom instruction is not the primary funetion of child care center as it is in a school,
it is recommended that criteria for child care centers be less stringent than those for schools.
� i It is recommended that these facilities be considered compatible in zone DNL 65-70 with an
� j NLR of at least 25 dBA and in zone DNL 70-75 with an NLR of at least 30 dBA, and
incompatible in zone DNL 75+.
(
j New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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`` � Churches
! Given the small amount of time per week that a church is used for quiet activities and given
that the proportion of time spent by an individual in a church is also small, the justification for
; I adopting more stringent compatibility standards is less strong than for schools. It is
', � recommended that the criteria proposed in the FAA's table of c�iteria in FAR Part 150 be
applied. For schools, child care centers, or other types of facilities that are part of a chu�ch
complex, the criteria for these secondary types of facilities would be applied.
In addition to structures specifically dedicated to church use, numerous small churches are
often established in portions of commercial buildings. These "storefront churches" are
frequently located in commercial areas which are otherwise compatible with aircraft noise
levels. Due to their locational characteristics and sometimes transient nature, it is
recommended that storefront churches be treated as other uses in commercial districts.
Commercial Industrial and Recreational Uses
Most uses in these categories are not as noise sensitive as the uses described previously. It
is recommended that the FAA-suggested criteria in FAR Part 150 (Table 7) be applied.
F.4 Existing Ambient Noise Levels at Selected Locations
During the Summer of 1992, the MAC with MPCA assistance measured ambient DNL noise
levels in the vicinity of the Search Area. The measured levels are shown in Figure 16. Values
in the Search Area were not measured but are estimated to be in the DNL 50-55 dBA range,
based on population densities within the Search Area. Actual values will be determined for
affected areas during the development of the comprehensive plan for the selected site. The
measured levels outside the Search Area range from a high of approximately DNL 62 in Inver
Grove Heights to a low of approximately DNL 52 in Rosemount.� These levels include noise
from aircraft operations at MSP and other nearby airports, as well as the other sources in the
area.
G. Air .Quality
The Metropolitan Area is designated non-attainment in the State Implementation Plan (SIP) for
�the following pollutants:
• carbon monoxide (CO)
� sulfur dioxide (SOZ)
• particulates of 10 microns or less (PM-10)
The SIP has transportation control measures to address the intersections where CO
concentrations exceed the standard. The State is currently seeking a redesignation from non-
attainment to attainment for SO2, with the SIP revised to include administrative orders for
selected major sources. A lapse of two years of no violations leads to attainment.
Background monitoring for CO was performed in December, 1992 and January, 1993 at two
sites in Dakota County which were selected to be representative of ambient air quality in the
airport search area. These two sites are shown in Figure 17. For a detailed discussion of the
monitoring, see the technical report entitled Carbon Monoxide Backctround Monitorinq Report
(Appendix A).
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
III-41
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at Site 2 south of Hastings -- compared to the state standard of 30 ppm and the federal of 35
ppm. Maximum $-hour readings were 1.0 ppm at Site 1 and 0.9 at Site 2-- compared to the
; state and federal standard of 9.0 ppm.
The Koch Refinery was determined to have a noticeable influence on CO levels when the wind
blew from the direction of the refinery — contributing 1.0 ppm of the 1.3 ppm observed in the
maximum hour.
H. Water auality
Existing water quality includes three types of waters within the Search Area Candidate 5ites:
surface waters, groundwaters, and wastewaters. Each is further described as follows.
H.1 Surface Water Quality
The two primary receiving waters nearest the sites are the Mississippi River and the Vermillion
River. The Mississippi River enters the Metropolitan Area at Anoka and generally flows
southeasterly, leaving the metropolitan area southeast of St. Paul, and continuing in a
southeasterly direction. The Mississippi River is classified 2C from the Metro Wastewater
Treatment Plant to the Rock Island Bridge (see Figure 18). A 2C classification indicates water
quality suitable for the reproduction of rough fish end suitable for boating and fishing, but not
swimming. Factors influencing Mississippi River water quality as the river traverses the
metropolitan area include - Lock and Dam Number 1, the confluence with the Minnesota River,
the Metropolitan Wastewater Treatment Plant 1MWWTP), Lock and Dam Number 2, and the St.
Croix River.
The Vermillion River enters the Mississippi River at two locations: one channel approximately
1 mile downstream from the City of Hastings, and the main channel by Lake Pepin considerably
downstream from Hastings. The Mississippi River below the Rock Island Bridge and the
Vermillion River are Class 2B waters. A 2B classification means that the river is suitable for
cool or warm water fish propagation and recreational activities including swimming. The
Vermillion River flows in an easterly direction through Dakota County towards the Mississippi
River, through the Cities of Farmington and Vermillion, and is generally classified 2B in the
vicinity of Sites 2, 3 and 6. Major factors influencing the water quality of the Vermillion River
include the confluence with the South Branch of the Vermillion River approximately 1 mile
upstream from the City of Vermillion and downstream of the Empire Wastewater Treatment
Facility (WWTF).
, One of the primary measures used for assessing water quality within the Mississippi River and
the Vermillion River is the dissolved oxygen concentration. Well-oxygenated water is essential
— for sustaining aquatic life. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and the
Metropolitan Waste Control Gommission (MWCC) have performed water quality monitoring and
modeling to ensure adequate dissolved oxygen within each of these rivers. The MPCA
'; ,' performed computer modeling of the Mississippi River to ensure adequate dissolved axygen
concentrations in the spring, summer, fall and winter, of 8.1 mg/l, 5.1 mg/I, 5.4 mg/I, and 4.2
mg/I, respectively, between river miles 831 and 817 (the area from approximately 5 miles below
; � MWWTP to Lock and Dam Number 2) during low flow conditions. The dissolved oxygen water
quality standard for this portion of the Mississippi River is 5.0 mg/I except during the winter,
, when the standard is 4.0 mg/I. Present dissolved oxygen concentrations within the
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
I I I-44
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Vermillion River are above the state water quality standard. An expansion of the Empire WWTF
from the present 6.0 million gallons per day (mgd) to 9.0 mgd is being completed. An MPCA
evaluation on the likely impact of the expansion on dissolved oxygen within the Vermillion River
estimated minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations of 6.5 mg/I, 5.8 mg/I, 6.5 mg/I, and 5.0
mg/I during spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively for low flow conditions. Immediately
�pstream of the confluence with the South Fork of the Vermillion River is the location of the
spring, summer, and fall minima. The location of the winter minimum is within the City of
Hastings.
H.2 Hydrology
The drainage pattern of the Vermillion River watershed is typical of a glaciated area comprised
of moraines and outwash plains. The western part of the watershed has varied topographical
features. The eastern part of the watershed flattens out into a level outwash plain. The
drainage system is composed of the Vermillion River, which is the major waterway, several
tributaries,..intermittent streams, and a few man-made ditches.
Figure 19 shows the hydrologic features of the watershed. These features include the
subwatershed boundaries defined for runoff modeling purposes, county and judicial ditches and
protected water and wetlands.
The main stem of the Vermillion River begins in New Market Township in southeastern Scott
County and flows generally east-northeast across the watershed to its confluence with the
Mississippi River. The Vermillion River is approximately 3$ miles in length and drops
approximately 420 feet from its source to its mouth. Several tributaries enter the Vermillion
River as it flows across the watershed. The major tributary is the South Branch of the
Vermillion River which originates in Castle Rock Township and joins the main stem in
southwestern Vermillion Township. Large tributaries enter the Vermillion River from the north
just downstream from Farmington. All subwatersheds within the hydrologic boundary of the
watershed eventually drain into the Vermillion River. Two areas in the northeast portion of the
study area are within the legal boundary of the watershed management area but actually drain
away from the Vermillion River.
H.3 Groundwater
H.3.1 Groundwater Susceqtibilitv
Over 90% of each of the candidate sites is classified as High Sensitivity by Hobbs (1990), as
shown in Figure 20 — with potential for transfer bf contaminants from the surface to the water
table aquifers in a matter of days ta weeks. Some areas near the edges of Sites 2 and 3 are
classified as Very High Sensitivity with potential for transfer of contaminants from the surface
to the water table aquifers in a matter of hours to days. The high number of water supply
wells, including many multi-aquifer wells, also creates the potential for relatively rapid transport
of contaminants to aquifers underlying the site areas.
H.3.2 Water Supplv Wells
Tables 8 and 9 summarize the local area water well information currently available from the
Minnesota Geological Survey's County Well Index (CWI). In addition to the wells in the CWI,
it is expected that there are undocumented pre-1974 abandoned wells within the area. The
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
III-46
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unclassified wells.
TABLE 8- County Well Index Data: Wells in Sites 2& 3
Aquifer Source
Type Total #
of Wells Drift' OPDCZ CJDN3 OPCJ4 Other Not
Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Classified
Domestic 381 67 22 98 7 6 181
Irrigation 56 8 6 6 28 2 6
Public 12 1 0 6 1 1 3
Other 53
Total number of CWI wells in Sites 2 and 3= 502
'Surficial aquifer, near surface
ZOrdovician Prairie du Chien
3Cambrian Jordan
40rdovician Prairie du Chien Jordan
Source: Minnesota Geological Survey
TABLE 9- County Well Index Data: Wells in Site 6
Aquifer Source
Type Total #
of Wells Drift OPDC CJDN OPCJ Other Not
Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Classified
Domestic 437 52 60 95 8 6 216
Irrigation 45 4 8 4 21 2 5
Public 14 1 � 1 3 0 1 8
Other 11 1
Total number of CWI wells in Site 6= 607
Source: Minnesota Geological Survey
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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' � H.3.3 Groundwater Use
r
Information on permitted wells in the vicinity of the Candidate Sites was obtained from the
Minnesota DNR and indicates that wells in the area may draw from several aquifers. These
, aquifers include the following:
, } o (Ordovicianj Prairie du Chien
' � � Prairie du Chien-Jordan
• Cambrian Jordan
; , • Cambrian Mt. Simon
, i • Quaternary Water Table
In addition to municipal supply wells, groundwater in the area provides water for the following
uses: sewage treatment facilities, livestock watering, golf courses, and major crop irrigation.
The volumes used in each category are shown in Table 10.
TABLE 10 - Volume of Groundwater by Use
VOLUME
USE USE CODE (million gallons per year)
Fire Protection 15 1
Industrial Processing 40 15
Agricultural Processing 41 170
Sand/Gravel Washing 44 23
Sewage Treatment Facility 45 21
Petroleum Chemical Processing 46 13,012
Non-metallic Production 48 9
Dewatering 66 170
Pollution Confinement 71 56
Livestock Watering 75 9
Golf Course 81 697
Major Crop Irrigation 90 4,170
Source: Minnesota DNR
;' New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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� Groundwater sources provide water for irrigation of 14,744 acres in the area. The Ordovician
', Prairie du Chien - Cambrian Jordan aquifer supplies the bulk of this water.
The Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer (OPCJ) is the most important bedrock aquifer beneath all
three sites. It extends beneath all of Site 6 except for small areas of the tributary buried valley
near Vermillion where erosion has removed the entire aquifer. The potentiometric elevatian in
OPCJ ranges from 860 feet in the southwest corner to 720 feet along the northeast edge of
the site. The OPCJ is an unconfined, water table aquifer in the area around Coates and is a
confined, artesian aquifer under the rest of Site 6. The general direction of regional
groundwater movement is southwest to northeast toward the Mississippi River. However, local
vertical recharge probably dominates flow in much of the aquifer.
The OPCJ extends under most of Sites 2 and 3. It is absent in the buried river valley complex
where erosion has completely removed the aquifer. The potentiometric elevation in OPCJ
ranges from 860 feet elevation in the southwest corner to about 700 feet elevation in the
extreme northeastern edge of the sites. The OPCJ is an unconfined, water table aquifer in
much of the sites but is a confined, artesian aquifer under the southern and northern sections.
The general direction of regional groundwater movement is southwest to northeast toward the
Mississippi River. However, local vertical recharge probably, dominates flow in much of the
aquifer, and a local groundwater mound appears to exist southwest of Hastings north of the
largest buried valley.
The upper Prairie du Chien portion of the OPCJ is more susceptible to surface contamination
than is the deeper Jordan Sandstone. New Prairie du Chien wells are not permitted in much
of Site 6 and most of Sites 2 and 3 but many older wells produce water from the Prairie du
Chien. In-progress work at the USGS and Geology and Geophysics Department of the
University of Minnesota indicates that the water in the Jordan is distinctly older and less
impacted by surface contaminants than is the water in the Prairie du Chien. New wells are
allowed in all of the Jordan aquifer under all three sites. There are major differences between
the recharge characteristics of the Prairie du Chien and Jordan parts of the aquifer but relatively
little difference among the three sites.
H.3.4 Presence and Transmissivitv of Near Surface Aquifers
'� In the buried valleys near Vermillion, in the area common to all three sites, the saturated
i� thicknesses reach 100 feet with transmissivities in the 25,000 to 50,000 gallons per day per
foot range. Transmissivity is the rate which water flows through a certain width of an aquifer
; under a certain hydraulic gradient. It is essentially a means of ineasuring permeability. In the
;; large buried valley under the northern half of Sites 2 and 3 saturated thicknesses range up to
200+ feet with transmissivities in the 100,000 to 200,000 gallons per day per foot range. The
transmissivities of the surficial materials in the shallow to bedrock portions in most of the sites
is less than 500 gallons per day per foot (Palen, 1990a? with no significant saturated
— thicknesses. There is at least one spring mapped by Cleland and others (1990) at the
southwest edge of Sites 2 and 3 and additional field work would probably find more.
H.3.5 Watershed Menaqement Planninq
Each of the three Candidate Sites lies within the Vermillion River watershed in Dakota County.
� The entire watershed is the subject of a watershed management plan, prepared under the
' auspices of the Vermillion River Watershed Management Commission, established through a
' joint powers agreement entered into by the local units of government in the watershed. The
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Plan is intended to meet the purposes of Minnesota's Surface Water Management Act to
provide for comprehensive surface water resource management.
The Watershed Management Plan calls for a number of Implementation Regulations and
Management Programs to be adopted by local units of government in the watershed. However,
meny of the regulations and management programs have yet to be developed.
Tables 17 and 12 identify the three sites, affected communities,, and the status of the
Management Plan implementation requirements at the time the plan was approved by the
Watershed Management Commission for release for local and agency review. The
Implementation Regulations identified in these tables will govern runoff and will mitigate
impacts on surface and groundwater throughout the watershed, with or without a proposed
airport site. Construction activities that disturb five or more acres of land will require additional
controls for stormwater runoff through the use of .National f'ollutant Discharge Elimination
System/Stete Disposal System permits (NPDES/SDS) issued by the Minnesota Pollution Control
Agency. Also, if a new.airport is ultimately selected by the Minnesota Legislature, additional
land use and environmental controls called for by the Airport Development Act would be
implemented.
H.4 Wastewaters
Existing domestic and commercial (and non-agricultural) wastewaters in the Search Area are
treated by the municipal wastewater collection and treatment systems of Vermillion, Rosemount
and Hastings and on-site septic systems for rural farmsteads and businesses.
I. Solid Waste/Contaminated Sites
The affected environment within and adjacent to the Search Area includes solid waste disposal
facilities (dumps, landfills, composting sites), livestock surface impoundment fecilities, and
reported contamination sites (known chemical spills, leaks, buried volatile substances).
Locations of solid waste and potentially contaminated sites are illustrated in Figure 21.
1.1 Solid Waste . � �
Regulatory authority for waste management facilities rests pcincipally with each county, at the
local level, and with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency at the state level. For the seven
county Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, determination of regional waste management needs and
policy is provided by the Metropolitan Council. � Since the mid-1970's, each county has had
primary responsibility for oversight of municipal solid waste management. Solid waste facilities
and management programs have been developed by each county through county solid waste
master plans. Dakota County recently obtained a state perm'it for a mass-burn resource
recovery plant but is reconsidering its waste management options and may or may not
construct the plant. �
Municipal solid waste collected in Dakota may currently be hauled to any of the appropriate
processing/disposal facilities in the Metropolitan area or to landfills with appropriate
environmental protection outside the area. A designated portion of the waste must be recycled.
In Dakota County, Burnsville and Pine Bend landfills are the only two solid waste landfills; they
are also the only two solid waste landfills in the Metropolitan Area that are anticipated to
remain open after December, 1995. Both are privately owned and receive
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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wastes from a number of counties. In 1992, their combined permitted capacity was estimated
to be approximately 7,000,000 cubic yards. In 1992, Dakota County reported that it sent
approximately 57% of its waste to landfills. There are also two specialty landfills located in
Dakota County: a) SKB, located in Inver Grove Heights, provides capacity for disposal of
demolition and construction wastes; and b) USPCI's Industrial Waste Containment facility in
Rosemount provides capacity for the treatment and disposal of non-hazardous industrial wastes.
Other waste management facilities in the county include Dakota County's recycling center.
'� Specific requirements of state legislation must be taken into account in addressing solid waste
management at the airport. The Waste Management Act establishes recycling goals for
-� metropolitan agencies including the Metropolitan Airports Commission. Section 473.8011 of
the Act states, in part, by December 31, 1993, "... each metropolitan agency as defined in
'' section 473.121...shall recycle at least 40 percent by weight of the solid waste generated by
, their offices or other operations."
Progress toward meeting the recycling goal is to be reported annually to the Office of Waste
Management. If the goal is not met, plans for meeting it in the future must be developed by
the apprapriate metropolitan agency.
1.2 Potential Soil Contamination and Remediation Efforts
Documented areas of soil contamination and closed landfills within or near each Candidate 5ite
have been identified based on readily available information (not a comprehensive investigation).
From data provided by Dakota County, the nine potentially contaminated areas shown on Figure
21 are:
(1) Lunda Spill (Hydraulic Oil)
r t2) Coates Dump Site
i (3) Girgen Feedlot Surface Impoundment
(4) University of Minnesota Surface Impoundments (3)
(5) Compost Site (Organic Conversion Compost)
; ,'� (6} Empire Trees-Tires Demolition/Can Dump
� (7) University of Minnesota Research Center
(8) Transport Inc., Ammonia Spill
'' I (9) MWCC Ash Utilization Program
A review of information from MPCA revealed little additional useful information about these
sites (generally included were site visual surveys or inspection report forms). However, a
property transfer file evaluation provided a list of registered underground storage tank
instellations and leaking underground storage tanks (reported by zip code), and information
regarding spills of hazardous substances and/or petroleum products which have been reported
in Inver .Grove Heights, Rosemount, Vermillion, and Coates.
According to MPCA staff, most sites appearing on these lists have been (or are in the process
of being) cleaned up.
Information regarding the nature, extent, and remediation of pollution from the nine identified
sites was requested from MPCA. Additional information was also requested from Dakota
County. However, no additional information was received except for some MPCA information
on remediation activities at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Research Center.
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A remedial investigation on the University's Rosemount Research Center included groundwater
sampling for the old Coates Dump site and a process water lagoon (operated as an acid waste
lagoon by DuPont, contractor for Gopher Ordnance Works). Groundwater quality results
indicate no significant inorganic contamination at Coates; general indicators for municipal landfill
leachate such as chloride, sulfate, chemical oxygen demand (COD►, and nitrate indicate no
significant contamination. Volatile organic analysis results from Coates showed low levels of
toluene and xylene. The results for the process water lagoon showed elevated levets of nitrate
in the monitoring wells; these levels were attributed to agricultural practices in the vicinity of
fihe wells. No significant contamination by other inorganic parameters were noted. No organic
analysis results were available for the process water lagoon.
The University of Minnesota is constructing a rural water system to which most of the
households in the affected area will be connected. When completed, the system will be
transferred to the City of Rosemount.
J. Farmland
The predominant land use in the Search Area is farmland. These farmlands include family farms
(individual businesses) and commercial crop farms and nurseries (corporations), as well as
unique farmlands (vineyards, "Century Farms", and the University of Minnesota's Agricultural
Experimental Station, which includes crop and livestock laboratories and production facilities).
The Candidate Sites contain aspects of each of the aforementioned characteristics. Farmland
categories where acreage measurements or documented evidence of uniquity could be obtained
are desribed as follows and tabulated in Table 13. �
Metropolitan Aaricultural Preserves -- covenants by land owner certification and enrolled in a
long-range program to receive development protection and benefits under the 1980
Metropolitan Agriculutral Preserves Act. These include limits on housing densities, urban
assessments and property taxes, and conflicting (incompatible) land uses in exchange for
continued agricultural use (by owner) for a specified time period.
Prime Farmland -- land determined to be of prime agricultural production value as classified by
the Soil Conservation Service. Figures 22 and 23 illustrate Prime farmlands and Agricultural
Preserves farmland, respectively.
Aqriculture/Pasture Land -- land depicted as agriculture or pasture land from a satellite
photographic image.
Local Government Planned Aqricultural and Aaricultural Preserves Land Use -- planned land use
acreages according to the local government's Comprehensive Plan. In this analysis, "planned"
Agricultural/Agricultural Preserves land uses were used as a facimile for the "existing"
comparable data.
UniQue Farmlands -- generally considered one-of-a-kind, irreplaceable lands/features that are
unique in large part due to location, social/historical values, or agricultural commodity produced.
These include Century Farms (family farms with at least 100 years of historical antecedents),
vineyards, and research facilities.
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� Farmsteads -- buildings (i.e. residences, barns and outbuiidings, and granaries) wooded, and
', � lawn areas adjacent to the buildings which comprise the nucleus of a farmer's landholdings.
Farmsteads are typically located on the edge of the farmer's property near a road.
TAB�E 13 - Candidate Site Farmland Characteristics
Site Candidate Site
Characteristics
2 3 6
�cres of Farmland Enrolled 3,420 4,010 2,870
in Metropolitan Agricultural
Preserves
Acres of Prime Farmland 6,000 6,200 7,100
Acres of 9,040 9,110 8,840
Agriculture/Pasture Land
Acres of Local Government 9,125 9,400 7,575
Planned Agricultural and
Metropolitan Agricultural
Preserves Land
Number of Unique 2 3 2
Farmlands
Number of Farmsteads 40 40 40
Source: HNTB/Study Team Analysis
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J.1 Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Center
The Rosemount Agriculture Experiment Station and the Rosemount Research Center occupy
approximately $,000 acres and are located within the affected environment of Site 6. The
properties are under the jurisdiction of the University of Minnesota and Dakota County, and
have been used for these purposes since the U.S. Government released the land from military
purposes after Worid War II. Currently, the Agriculture Experiment Station encompasses 3,182
acres for research experiments on agricultural and horticultural crop variety development, insect
and disease control, soil fertility, and animal husbandry. There are 2,028 acres of land
obligated or encumbered for university and other governmental agency uses at the Rosemount
Research Center, the largest of which serves the University's College of Veterinary Medicine.
The University also leases more than 2,500 acres of land for other agricultural and non-
agricultu�al uses and maintains areas for future expansion. This agricultural land use is unique
for a number of reasons, including its long history of use for these purposes, but primarily
because of the soil types, terrain, and drainage afforded for controls necessary in research
experiments.
J.2 Farmland Crop Equivalency Ratings
Crop Equivalency Ratings (CER's), a measure of farmland productivity, is based on the Crop
Equivalency Rating Guide for Soils of Minnesota. CER's provide a rate on the net economic
return per acre of soil. Minnesota CER values range from 0 to 100; the Candidate Site values
range from 0 to 90. These values are displayed by soil type and acreage for each of the
Candidate Sites in Appendix A.
K. Surface Transportation
j I Information from the 1990 Travel Behavior Inventory (TBI) indicates that the Dakota Search
Area has ties to the greater portion of the region. On a daily basis trips were made to virtually
I- -' every part of the region. Some of the strongest ties loutside of central Dakota County) were
, i to the Shakopee-Prior �ake-Burnsville area, the Bloomington-Richfield-Edina area, southwestem
Washington County, and the Inver Grove Heights-South St. Paul-West St. Paul area. However,
some trips did travel as far as Carver County and northern Anoka County.
The existing 1990 average daily traffic (ADT) for the local and regional highways is shown on
Figure 24.
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A. Naise
This section presents the results of the noise analysis by site. DNL 65 and DNL 60, L,o65, and
overflights are discussed.
A.1 Methodology and Assumptions
The year 2000 household and population forecasts were selected as the best surrogate for
what development would be in place in the year 2020, assuming a decision would be made to
develop a new airport in the late 1990's. Land use controls would be implemented to prohibit
incompatible development around the new airport site after the year 2000.
Year 2020 aircraft activity was modeled as a conservative analysis scenario during the 1993-
2020 study period. This was based on testing of alternative forecast years. The aircraft
operations forecasts and fleet mix are the same as those found in the Long-Term
Comprehensive Plan (�TCP) Update for MSP. Tables 14 and 15 list the average daily arrivals
and departures by aircraft type for 2020, respectively.
The Minnesota State Airspace Studv was used to develop departure flight tracks for the
Candidate Sites. A flight track analysis was undertaken to show the average monthly flights
on each track out to a point where single-event noise levels generally fall below 70 dBA (not
70 DNL). This is typically seven or eight miles from the end of the runway.
I Takeoff and landing profiles (the vertical path aircraft follow when departing from and arriving
at an airport) were based on airline operating procedures, the aircraft type and its operating
weight. Air carrier aircraft were assumed to fly standard three-degree descent angle approach
, profiles. The INM data base includes typical takeoff and landing profiles for each aircraft.
Runway use is based on weather conditions (both wind and visibility), direction of flight, noise
impacts, and operational efficiency. The set of runways used and the direction in which aircraft
arrive and depart on those runways is known as an operating mode. It was assumed that the
new airport sites would operate using the highest capacity modes as often as possible. For
nighttime hours (10:00 PM to 7:00 AM), aircraft operations were assigned to the least noise-
sensitive runways (typically the innermost runways). As with the aircraft fleet mix, the runway
use input to INM is an average daily use based on the entire year.
New Airport Site Alternative Environmental Document
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TABLE 14 - 2020 Projected Fleet Mix and Average Daily Arrivals
PROJECTED 2020 AVERAGE DAILY ARRIVA�S
Aircraft Type Day Night Total
Air Carrier Jets: .
MD80 52.7 6.1 58.8
DC-10 9.5 1.3 10.8
MD 11 39.8 5.4 45.2
B737-300/400/500 1 18.1 13.6 7 31.7
B747-200/300/400 24.6 3.3 27.9
B757 61.3 10.5 71.8
g767 15.1 2.0 17.1
A300 1.8 0.2 2.0
A320 101.8 17.4 119.2
HST 3.6 0.4 4.0
F100 12.9 1.5 14.4
BAe 146 1.4 0.1 1.5
Regional Jets 3.8 0.1 3.9
Subtotal 446.4 61.9 508.3
Air Carrier Turboprops:
Jetstream 31
Saab 340
General Aviation Jets:
Military:
86.2 3.0 89.2
81.7 2.9 . 84.6
Subtotal 167.9 5.9 173.8
30.8
8.7
3.6
34.4
9.7
Total 653.8 72.4 726.2
Source: HNTB analysis.
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TABLE 15 - 2020 Projected Fleet Mix and Average Daily Departures
PROJECTED 2020 AVERAGE DAILY DEPARTURES
Aircraft Type Day Night Total
Air Carrier Jets:
MD80 53.7 5.1 58.8
DC-10 9.6 1.2 10.8
MD 11 40.1 5.1 45.2
B737-300/400/500 120.2 11.5 131.7
B747-200/300/400 24.9 3.0 27.9
8757 61.0 10.8 71.8
8767 15.3 1.8 17.1
A300 1.8 0.2 2.0
A320 101.3 17.9 1 19.2
HST 3.7 0.3 4.0
F 100 13.1 1.3 14.4
BAe 146 1.3 0.2 1.5
Regionai Jets 3.5 0.4 3.9
Subtotal 449.5 58.8 508.3
Air Carrier Turboprops:
Jetstream 31
Saab 340
Generai Aviation Jets:
Military:
79.4 9.8 89.2
75.3 9.3 84.6
Subtotal 154.7 19.1 173.8
30.8
8.7
3.6
1.0
34.4
9.7
Total 643.7 82.5 726.2
Source: HNTB analysis.
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' I A.2 Site 2 Noise Impacts
DNL 65 and DNL 60 impacts
The DNL 65 noise contour extends approximately 2 miles northwest of the site, 2 1/4 miles
northeast, 1 3/4 to 2 miles southeast, and 1 3/4 miles southwest (see Figure 25). The DNL 60
contour extends an additionai 1 1/2 to 2 miles in each direction beyond the DN� 65 contour.
The contours extending to the northwest and northeast surround the southern portion of
Hastings.
The year 2000 forecast population exposed to DNL 65 or greater is approximately 320. An
additional 620 people would be within the DNL 60 noise contour. Table 16 shows the year
2000 forecast population within the DNL 60 and DNL 65 by community for Site 2. Most of the
residents exposed to significant noise levels live in Marshan and Nininger Townships. Douglas
and Vermillion Townships also contain people exposed to DN� 60 or higher.
TABLE 16 - Year 2000 Population and Households Within DNL Noise Contours - Site 2
POPULATION HOUSEHOLDS
JURISDICTION DNL 65+ DNL 60•65 TOTAL DNL 65+ DNL 60-65 TOTAL
Castle Rock Twp. •Y•• 0• 0 0 0 0 0
.,„ ._.,_ _.,,_..... _._..,...., „___
Coates 0 0 0 0 0 0
Douglas Twp. 10 90 100 0,_.,.., 30 30
Empire Twp. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hampton Twp. 0 10 10 0 0 0
Hastings 0 0 0 0 0 0
Marshan Twp. 140 170 310 40 50 90
Mfesville 0 40 40 0 10 10
Nininger Twp. 130 220 340 40 60 100
Ravenna Twp. 0 20 20 0 10 10
Rosemount 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vermillion 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vermfllion Twp. 40 70 110 10 20 30
Pierce County, WI 0 10 10 0 0 0
Total 320 620 940 90 7 SO 280
Note: Totals may not add due to rounding.
Source: HNTB analysis based on year 2020 fleet mix.
Noise Sensitive Land Uses
A total of 90 dwelling units are forecast to be within the DNL 65 noise contour by the year
2000. An additional 180 dwelling units are forecast to be contained between the DNL 60 and
DNL 65 noise contours. Three cemeteries lie within the DNL 60 noise contour: Bellwood, St.
Joseph's and William Lyon.
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' � L,o65 Impacts and Runwav Use
�� Figure 26 shows the L,o65 noise contours for Site 2. The wider contours are generated by
departing aircraft; the spike-shaped contours are generated by arriving aircraft. As with the
'' DNL contours, the L,o65 contours northwest and northeast of the site surround the southern
portion of Hastings.
Using year 2000 population forecasts, it is anticipated that approximately 1,800 people would
be living within the L,o65 noise contours.
Annual runway use by arrivals and departures for Site 2 is also depicted on Figure 26. As
shown, approximately two-thirds of arrivals and two-thirds of departures would use the four
main parallel runways, overflying areas northwest and southeast of the airport. The remaining
third of arrivals and departures would use the two crosswind runways, and overfly areas
southwest and northeast of the airport.
Overfliqhts
-- � Figure 27 shows the major arrival and departure flight tracks for Site 2. The average monthly
' f overflights on these tracks are also depicted. Most overflights occur northwest and southeast
of the site. During periods when the airport is operating to the south, aircraft would typically
depart southeast over pouglas and Welch Townships and southwest over Vermillion, Hampton,
� and Castle Rock Townships. Arriving aircraft would be directed over eastem Rosemount and
;, Nininger northwest of the airport and Pierce County, Wisconsin and Ravenna Township east
of Hastings.
When the airport is operating to the north, aircraft departing for cities west and south of
Minneapolis would turn toward their destination over Vermillion Township soon after takeoff.
Aircraft heading northwest would depart generally straight-out. Departures to the northeast
would typically head toward the Mississippi River and over Wisconsin. Most arriving aircraft
would overfly Douglas and Welch Townships southeast of the airport and Castle Rock,
Hampton, and Vermillion Townships southwest of the airport.
A.3 Site 3 Noise Analysis
DNL 65 and DNL 60 Impacts
� The DNL 65 noise contour extends 1 3/4 to 2 1/4 miles northwest of the site, 2 miles
` northeast, 1 3/4 to 2 miles southeast and 1 3/4 miles southwest (Figure 28). The DNL 60
i
contour extends approximately 1 1/2 to 2 miles beyond the DNL 65 contour. The contours to
�' the nartheast of the site pass south of Hastings.
The year 2000 forecast population exposed to DNL 65 or greater is approximately 220. An
additional 71 p people would be within the DNL 60 noise contour. Table 17 shows the year
2000 forecast population within the DNL 60 and DNL 65 by community for Site 3. Most of the
residents exposed to noise levels of DNL 60 or higher live in Marshan, Nininger, Vermillion and
Douglas Townships.
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